THE BRITISH OVERSEAS RAILWAYS HISTORICAL TRUST   A UK Registered Educational Charity

Kevin Jones' Steam Index

A novel tee-square and drawing board. 3. The Locomotive Magazine and Railway Carriage and Wagon Review
Volume 33 (1927)

No. 413 (15 January 1927)

Pacific type locomotives: Nigerian Railways. 1. illustration, diagram (side & front. elevations)
Supplied by Nasmyth Wilson under supervision of Crown Agents for the Colonies

Recent locomotives for the Egyptian State Railways. 2-3. 2 illustrations
North British Locomotive Co. 2-6-2T and 4-4-2T designs.

Southern Railway electrification. 3.
Electrical equipment for Central Section ordered Metropolitan-Vickers including motors and control gear for the motor coaches. Caterham Valley lie included..

A novel tee-square and drawing board. 3.

Railway electrification in Sweden: Stockholm and Gothenburg. 4-7.. 7 illustrations, diagram (side elevation), map
Including power house at Trollhattan and outdoor transformer station. Electrification at 16000V singlde-phase.

2-8-2 tender locomotives for the Barsi Light Railway. 7. illustration. diagram (side elevation)
Nasmyth Wilson

A Jacquet.. "Type 10" express locomotive, Belgian National Railway Company. 8-11. 4 diagrams. including side elevation.
Type 10 designed by J.B. Flamme fitted with double chimney designed by Legein

Technical essays. VIII—Standardisation. 11.

Die-casting machine. 12. illustration
W.H. Dorman & Co. of Stafford

Egyptian State Rys 12
124 miles of narrow guage between Luxor and Assouan converted to standard gauge. Originally 3ft 6in gauge military railway

E.  Lasseur. Hungarian State Railway locomotives. 13-18. 7 illustrations
4-6-2, 4-6-0, 2-6-2T. 2-8-2T, 2-6-2, 4-8-0, 0-6-0+0-6-0 and 2-6-0+0-6-0 Mallet with Brotan fireboxes

Ahrons, E.L.. The early Great Western standard gauge engtines. 18-19. 2 illustrations.
Locomotives built by Company between 1874 and 1878: 0-6-0 and 2-4-0T.

Central buffer couplers. 20-2. 6 diagrams.

A heavy spring finishing press. 22-3. 2 illustrations
Henry Pels machine at Barassie Works, LMSR

Stephenson Locomotive Society. 23
Annual dinner held at Holborn Restaurant on 11 December; effords to preserve Stroudley Gladstone and Paper by R.A.H. Weight on Locomotive performance during the past season (Pacific and Atlantic work on Great Northern section.

The locomotive history of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. 24-5. illustration, diagram (side elevation)
Kitson 0-8-0ST Nos. 1274-93 and 0-6-0 M26 class.

Institution of Locomotive Engineers. Modern locomotive superheating. 25-8. 4 diagrams
Paper  211 by H.E. Geer

Great Western Ry. 28.
No. 5001 Llandovery Castle fitted with 6ft 6in coupled wheels. No. 102 La France withdrawn. Former Taff Vale Railway Works in Cardiff closed and replaced by Caerphilly Works.

London and North Eastern Ry. 28
Named night sleeping car trains: Highlandman, Aberdonian and Night Scotsman.

London Midland & Scottish Ry. 28
Floriston water troughs.

The Panama Railway. 28-31. 2 illustrations, diagram (side elevation), map
The Spanish built a mule trail built of stone called the Royal Road across the Isthmus. In 1838 the Republic of New Granada granted a French syndicate a concession to build roads and railways but nothing was achieved. In 1849 American promoters and engineers took over. The railway began at Aspinwall (now Colon) on the Atlantic, encountered difficulty in bridging the Chagres river due to sudden extreme floods, and reached the summit ridge in January 1854 and was completed in the following year. a gauge of 5 feet was adopted. The locomotives included four designed by George Ercol Sellers of Coleman, Sellers & Sons of Philadelphia which had been designed with a view to assisting adhesion via a central rail gripped by rollers driven by additional cylinders (an engraving shows this arrangement).  When the Canal was constructed the railway was relocated.

A quaint passenger train, Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Ry. 31-2. illustration
Gazelle on Criggion branch. Locomotive built in 1896 by Dodman & Co, of King's Lynn for W. Burkitt, It was designed by S. Stone of the GER. W,G, Bafgnall rebuilt it as an 0-4-2 in 1910/11. The train in the photograph consisted of a former London County Council horse-tramcar.

London & North Eastern Ry. 32
New three-cylinder 4-4-0 passenger enngine to be built at Darlington to be known as D49, with first order for 28 engines. Some of these engines are to be compound (KPJ: emphasis), probably three. The boilers will be similar to the last 2-6-0 class built at Darlington, also the cab. (KPJ: K3 was last such, and boiler did not follow that pattern).
Some of the J39 class were stationed at West Hartlepool, Saltburn, Middlesbrough and Newcastle and others were to go to Grimsby and Immingham. On the North Eastern Section they were intended to displace certain P2 and P3 classes which were intended to be transferred to the Great Eastern district following alteration to their chimneys.
The 4-6-0 Cambridge engine sent to Craigellachie for bridge tests was No. 8526. It had since been returned, but during its absence No. 9454 (NBR 0-6-0) was sent to Cambridge in its place. NBR section No. 9903 Cock o' the North had been fitted with a Worthington feed water heater and pump.
The Prince of Wales visited Doncaster Works and inspected Pacific locomotive No. 2553 Manna which was renamed Prince of Wales.

London, Midland & Scottish Railway (L. & N.W. Section). 32
Nos. 13033-5 were the latest 2-6-0 mixed traffic engines to be built at Crewe and put into service on this section. Crewe had taken delevery of 4F 0-6-0 superheater goods emgines Nos. 4397-9 ex-North British Locomotive Company and 4341-5 ex-Kerr Stuart & Co. Last two 0-6-0T shunting tanks, Nos. 16498-9 delivered from Vulcan Foundry. Precursor class No. 2017 Tubal had been converted to George the Fifth with superheater and renumbered 5244. Latest addition to class G1 (superheated with Belpaire boiler) was former C class No. 2541 renumbered as 8953. Several Claughton class were running with oil-burning apparatus which had formerly been fitted to Prince of Wales type: these included Claughton type Nos. 986 and 2174 and Prince of Wales Nos. 5628 and 5645. Former North London Railway 4-4-0T type Nos. 2812, 2836, 2855 and 2856 (LMS Nos. 6486, 6467, 6463 and 6464) had been broken up at Bow. A former North Staffordshire Railway 2-4-0T had been working on the Broad Street to Poplar service.

E.J.H. Lemon. 32
Mr E.J.H. Lemon had been appointed Carriage & Wagon Superintendent from 1 January 1927. His predecessor, R.W. Reid, became Vice President for works and ancilliary undertakings on same date. Lemon was Manaager of the Derby Carriage and Wagon Works from January 1917; was appointed Divisional Carriage & Wagon Superintendent of the LMS in March 1923 and from 1 January 1925  Divisional Carriage & Wagon Superintendent at Newton Heath and Earlestown.

North Staffordshire Ry. locomotive shops in Stoke-on-Trent. 32
Closed 31 December 1926: staff transferred to Crewe and Derby.

Zeeland Steamship Co. 32
Transferred from 1 January 1927 from Folkestone to Flushing to Parkestone Quay with departure from Liverpool Street at 10.00

Leeds, Halifax & Bradford Junction Ry. 32.
Erratum: locomotive No. 99 should have been No. 399 (printer's error)

Southern Ry. 32
1927 programme for new construction: ten express locomotives of the King Arthur or Lord Nelson type; five 4-6-0 goods engines; twenty River class tank engines and 0-8-0 shunting locomotives.

Reviews. 32.
Les locomotives articulées. L. Weiner. Brussels: Buggenhoudt
In French. Types considered include Garratt. Mallet, Kitson-Meyer, Fairlie, Climagx, Baldwin geared, Klino Lindner, Krauss Helmholtz, Hagens, Mason, Du Bousquet, Triplex and boosters.

Correspondence. 33

The "Sussex's" reversing gear.  Malcolm M. Niven
Re Briggs observations on Sussex of the L.B. &.;S.C.R. in November issue. The Sussex' was re-built byStroudley in 1871 at :'Brighton, and was originallly a Craven design built by Robert Stephensori & Co. in 1864. 'She had not Joy's valve gear, but had Dodds' gear: 'The wedge motion was, however, operated by Joy''s fluid pressure reversing gear. A single eccentric actuated the valve of each cylinder; lt moved.transversety across the crank axle from front to:back for fore or back-going gear. The axle had a square for the eccentric seat with a slot through the eccentric which allowed it to slide across the axle. A small cylihder at each end of the,slot worked over a corresponding ram fixed in opposed faces of the square on the axle. Oil was forced into each end of the axle at the centre through a pipe. The small oil ducts passed over the web of the crank through the pin and back along the.other web to the square portion of the axle where lit' 'cnteted the small cylinders according to which it actuated fore or back gear. The eccerrtric could be put between extreme positions according to the perceneage of cut-off; or for rnid-gear
Air pressure from the Westinghouse pump.actuated.the gear from a srnall, cylinder on the footplate. A hand wheel also was placed to .act in absence of air pressure. Stroudley did not fit this.to Sussex it was Billinton's introduction.  Stroudley, however, fitted, his .characteristic cab.and standard mourrtings on the boiler such as Adams's safety valves.with open top.dome.
The Sussex No. 203, was an outside framed engine, to.all wheels with cylinders (after the rebuild), 17 in. by 23 in., originally she had 16½ in. by 22 .in. cylinders. She worked until the New Year of 1899.
It may be mentioned that David Joy read a paper before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1894 giving a specification of his fluid-reversing gear.
I know Joy's valve gear too well. I had a compound traction engine in 1908 fitted with it.
Perhaps. some Brighton reader could itlustrate Sussex; a woodcut appeared in The Engineer, sorne years ago.

L.B. & S.C. engines. Frederick William Holliday
Response to letter by W.E Briggs in November Issue. Claimed that Stroudley Gladstone caused great surprise to engineering community by having a big coupled leading wheel (6ft 6 in diameter) and that would come off track at curves, but locomotives rode well on curves. Old Sussex was built by Robert Stephenson & Co. in 1864 and rebuilt by Stroudley in 1871. The rebuilding included Stroudley standard boiler, cab, chimney and cylinders. The framing at the rear as extended to take the cab. "She was a fine engine"  
Response to letter from Bennett. Craven No. 25 was stationed at Battersea running shed and worked between Victoria and Croydon in conjunction with Craven tank engines Nos. 11, 167. 213, 214 and 217. No. 11 was "a splendid little engine" with boiler pressure limited to 100 psi. "She was always in evidence". No. 25 was scrapped in about 1878.

Brewer, F.W. Modern locomotive superheating. 33
See letter by J.S. Gillespie on p. 407 of Volume 32. the definition Modern locomotive superheating can be taken to apply in my opinion to the high and relatively high systems. It ids quite clear that my article was confined to such systems and to the now generally accepted apparatus of the “live” heat or fire-tube type. Sir J.A.P. Aspinall's superheater of 1899 was not of that type. Altough fitted in a recess of the boiler—the front tube-plate being set back for the purpose—it belonged to the smokebox class. It utilised the heat in the waste gases, and owing to its comparatively small size, produced merely a low degree of superheat—approximately 90 degrees.. Six of the L.&Y.R. 4-4-2 inside-cylinder express engines were equipped with it; one engine of the first series of twenty and five engines of twenty 4-4-2s.
It is true that a smokebox superheater need not of necessity be a low-degree one. The early form of the Schmidt apparatus (1998) was of that order, but in addition to the heat given up by the waste gases it received direct heat from the fire by means of an extra large flue running the whole length of the boiler barrel, from firebox to smokebox. By this method a total steam temperature of about 600 degrees was obtained. Another pattern of smokebox superheaters, for which a high temperature, roughly 500 degrees, was claimed, was known as the Phoenix. This, which was introduced in 1910, depended entirely on waste heat for superheating the steam. It comprised a large number of tubes arranged in series, which tubes occupied a considerable space in the extended smokebox. This is a characteristic feature of most of the waste gas superheaters which have so far been designed and it constitutes their main drawback as in the case of Sir John Aspinall's ingenious devive, its dimension are perforce restricted and its effectiveness is proportionately diminished. The idea of making some tangible use of the heat which would otherwise be lost has .presented a problem of fascinating interest, but in the matter of supenheating ,the steam by .smokebox gases alone, it is now pretty generally agreed that the.advantages of such a method are outweighed by its attendant disadvantages, with, at any rate. locomotive boilers of normal design.
The,L &Y.R: apparatus of 1899 was not the starting point of modern locomotive superheating, properly so called, and, in .conclusiorr, I, cannot. do, bebter than quote Sir John Aspinall acknowledged the limitations of this type in the discussion on Fowler's paper presented to the Instn Civ. Engrs in 1914.on Superheating steam in locomotives): "That superheater did not give anything like sufficient superheat, or anything like the superheat which could be obtained with modern appliances, although it did a certain amount of good work, the engines on which it was fitted running more freely than thier fellos." The use of the word "modern" by Sir John speaks for itself.  

[Horseley Iron Co.]. 33
With reference, to our remark on page 406, December Issue that the Horseley Iron Co. had built some engines (or were said to have had) for the Grand Junction Ry., a correspondent informs us that they never had any of their build on the G.J.R. The Horseley Iron Co.'s locomotives were on the St. Helen's Ry

North British Locomotive Co. 33
LMS placed order for fifty locomotives and tenders with NBL [KPJ Royal Scots]. Ten standard 4-4-2 tank engines of LTSR type were in hand at Derby Works

Sentinel Cammell coaches. 33
Three double articulated Sentinel Cammell coaches had been ordered by the Great Indian Peninsula Ry. and four coaches by the Ceylon Govt Rys.

No. 414 (15 February 1927)

New Kitson Meyer type locomotives for Colombia. 35-8 + plate. diagrams., map
2-6-6-2T for Giradot line. P.C. Dewhurst involvement.

Super-Pacific express locomotives, Northern Railway of France. 39-40. illustration
De Glehn four-cylinder compound with a long narrow fiirebox giving 218 ft² heating surface. Serve tubes & ACFI feedwater heating apparatus. Coal consumption 54 lb/mile on Paris to Calais service with 500 ton trains

Three-cylinder freight locomotives, Buenos Aires Great Southern Ry. 40-1. illustration
2-8-0 built by Sir W.G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co. Ltd at their Scotswood . Oil fired . Specification & inspection Livesey, Son & Henderson, Consulting Engineers.

Engerth type engines in Spain. 41-4. illustration, 5 diagrams (including 3 side elevations and 2 plans)
Maffei design for Pamplona-Plazaola-Andoain-Lasarte Railway metre gauge. 2-6-4 with a supporting tender (Stutz tender) and Krauss-Helmholtz leading truck. 

Recent German lcomotives. 44-6. illustration, diagram (side elevation, section & plan)
Three-cylinder 2-8-2 P.10 class with Krauss-Helmholtz leading trucks fot German State Railways. 

Exceptional load. 46.
Machinery for Arapuri Dam transported by out-of-gauge train from Auckland to Putaruri on 13 December 1926.

William C. Wilson. 47.
Retired after sixty years service with North British Locomotive Co.

Electrification in Holland. 47
Main line between Rotterdam and Amsterdam of Netherlands Railways.

The locomotive history of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. 47-8. illustration, diagram
Reference is made to a series of twenty 2-4-0 passenger engines, Nos. 200-219, built by the Avonside Co., and added to the railway stock of motive power in 1867. (Mr. Cortazzi was 'locomotive superintendent 1861- 1868.) "The last six of these engines were kept m stock In Bombay until 1875. Also L20 class 0-6-0 built by Johnn Fowler & Co. of Leeds between 1868 and 1871.

L.N.E.R., North Eastern Area.—*Tennant" class locomotives. 48
Following on the decision of the Stephenson Society who, as mentioned elsewhere, have successfully negotiated for the preservation of the L.B. & S.C. locomotive engine Gladstone, readers will be interested to know that the chief general manager of the London and North Eastern Ry. has decided to set aside the first of the famous Tennant 1463 class locomotives, for permanent preservation, probably at the L.N.E.R. Museum at York. It will be recalled that the 1463 class came into being in rather a unique way. After the resignation of A. MacDonnel and before the appointment of T.W. Worsdell in 1855, the North Eastern Ry. was without a locomotive superintendent. Some heavier engines being required to work the East Coast express trains between Newcastle and Edinburgh, Henry Tennant, the general manager of the company, suggested the building of a class of engines similar in type to those of class 901, but with a longer wheelbase and larger cylinders. The design was submitted to, and received the approval of, the Locomotive Committee, and in February, 1885, the first of a set of twenty engines, t., officially known as the 1463 class, was ready for work. Three years later one of these engines took a leading part in the railway races to Scotland, hauling a train consisting of two first class, two composite third class carriages and two vans, a total weight of l00½ tons, between York and Newcastle at an average speed, after deducting stoppages, of over 57 miles an hour.

Technical essays. IX—On the future policy of the locomotive department. 49-50
Standardisation; the inherent low efficiency of the steam locomotvives; the ibability to clear exhaust steam at high speeds of revolution; excesive cylinder condensation and practical difficulties of fitting a condenser. Evidently by E.A. Phillipson.

Electric weldihng in boiler construction. 50-1. 4 diagrams
Clyde Engineering Works at Granville, New South Wales emplyed welding in the foundation ring, the fillet welding in plce of caulking round the corners of the firebox and in the doubling platres for the wash-0ut plugs.

Chain drive for train-lighting dynamos. 51. diagram
Sketch shows what is claimed to be a very satisfactory method of applying a chain dnve to the dynamo used for lighting a carriage, which may be of interest to readers experiencing belt troubles in climates having extreme ranges of temperature. In the illustration the gear wheel on the axle has 59 teeth whilst the pinion on the dynamo has half as many or to be correct 29 teeth; the dynamo is a 75 amp. machine. To regulate the tension on the chain, a spring is mounted on an adjustable pull rod, this pulls the suspension framing against an elastic buffer stop, as shown.

New marshalling yard for L.N.E.Ry. 51
In order to cope with the increasing goods and coal traffic passing from the North and the Midlands to the Eastern Counties and the South, the London and North-Eastern Ry. Company have sanctioned a scheme to cost £300,000 for providing a new marshalling yard, including a new tranship shed, immediately north of March, adjacent to their marshalling yard at Whitemoor. It is anticipated that when this additional accommodation is available, it will have the two-fold benefit of effecting economies and expediting the working of traffic to and from the districts mentioned.

Sir T.G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co., Ltd. 51
Scotswood, Newcastle-on-Tyne plant received an order from the Central Argentine Railway for ten 4-8-4 two-cylinder compound tank locomotives.

The Institution of Locomotive Engineers. 52-3
At the meeting held on January 14, a paper on "The Internal Combustion Boiler and its application to the Locomotive" was read by Mr. O. Brunler. After commenting on the necessity for engineers to find some more effective means of applying and utilising the heat generated from fuel in locomotives, the author proceeded to describe and illustrate an internal combustion boiler, the fundamental principle of which is the kindling and maintenance of a flame burning in water, in order to produce steam for power or heating purposes. For locomotive fuel to be utilised in this manner, liquid or powdered solid was recommended.
In order to explain the operation of the boiler, a cross-section of it was shown. Combustion is started in the boiler by means of a pilot lamp. Fuel oil and the air for combustion are supplied to the pilot lamp and to the main burner under a pressure which barely exceeds the boiler pressure. Before starting, the water level in the steam generator is lowered below the lower outlet of the burner. The cover of the pilot lamp is removed and the fire-clay lining in the pilot lamp is heated up to red heat by means of a blow lamp, or any other suitable method. The valves of the pilot lamp are opened, and the combustible mixture of oil and air ignites on the red-hot fireclay. Then the cover is pulled down again and the flame of the pilot lamp makes its way to the main burner. After a few minutes, when the burner is hot enough to vaporise the oil, the main regulating valve is opened, and the flame bums in the steam generator. As soon as the main flame bums on the surface of the water in the generator, the valve of the water reservoir is opened and the water rises up to the middle of the burner, and the flame then burns in the water, as shown in the diagram. A photograph of the flame actually burning in the water was shown by the lecturer.
By means of a superheater designed on the san:e principle as the pilot lamp, and whose flame burns in the steam reservoir or in the steam pipe, the steam can be superheated to any required degree.
The size of the flame, and, consequently, the quantity of steam produced, can be increased or decreased by turning one wheel only. As this. regulates the combustible mixture with a fixed ratio, It is impossible for the combustion to be altered through mistakes of an operator; once the regulating valve is properly set the combustion is always complete.
The flame temperature at the burner outlet is, approximately, 1,800° to 2,000°C. Since carbon monoxide bums to carbon dioxide at a temperature above 800°C., it is evident that at the high flame temperature of about 2,000°C. all the carbon monoxide is converted into carbon dioxide. The steam-gas mixture which has been frequently analysed has never been found to contain carbon monoxide. This shows that fuel can be burnt more completely in water than in the open. The combustion under pressure brings the molecules of the fuel into better contact with the oxygen of the combustion air; therefore, under pressure, and in water, a perfect combustion can be obtained. Due to the very high flame temperature, the water surrounding the former evaporates instantly. It is evident that after a few minutes the required steam pressure can be obtained. As a rule, a boiler pressure of 170 lb. per sq. in. is reached in practice within six minutes after the flame is submerged m the water.
The gases produced during combustion consist of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and slight traces of oxygen (about ,05 to .03 kg. per kilo. of oil burnt), and are mixed with the steam forming a steam-gas mixture, which consists of about 50 per cent. of steam and 50 per cent. of gases, according to the fuel used, the ratio of steam and gas varying slightly. The followmg is a typical analysis of the composition of the steam-gas mixture:
Carbonic acid 3.;6 kg. (1.;8m³)
Oxygen  0.;04 kg. (.04m³)
Nitrogen 12.;91 kg. (10.2m³)
Steam  15.;1 kg. (19.5m³)
This steam-gas mixture consists of the same gases which are produced in gas and oil engines, the only difference being that in these engines the amount of steam in the combustion gases is much less. The specific heat of the steam-gas mixture is low, and a mixture of steam and gas has an extremely high power of expansion. Consequently, the highest efficiency is obtainable from a highly superheated steam-gas mixture.

[Institution of Locomotive Engineers] E.C. Poultney paper on Locomotive performance and its influence on modern practice. 53
On 27 January an exhaustive paper was read by Poultney which firstly enumerated the primary factors expected from a locomotive regarding haulage of its train, etc., and then proceeded to summarise the influence of weight on the ultimate power available, as follows —
The influence of weight on the ultimate power available is considered:
Anything that raises the indicated tractive effort curve for any given boiler, increases pull at the tender. This would mean improved engine performance. Valve gears, cylinder proportions, compounding, and other modifications leading to a better use of steam, tend in this direction.
Anything which improves boiler output for given engine conditions also raises the traction curve. The superheater, feed heater and the firebox with its grate deserve attention, but proportions of tube length to diameter and other features covering combustion air supply are also important
Anything which decreases machine friction at a given power output raises the tender dran-bar pull curve.
Anything that lowers locomotivc weight for a given capacity is important. It also means a higher net pull.
Anything that lowers rolling and head air resistances is deserving of attention.
A number of tables were shown to illustrate the gains and losses in steam generation resulting from different additions or modifications to the boiler. The effect of a brick arch, for instance, was noted, and a gain of quite 5 per cent. in efficiency secured by the employment of this comparatively simple and inexpensive adjunct.
Superheating was carefully analysed and various points connected with it, outlined, showing that, although the fitting of a superheater reduces the extent of evaporating surfaces and somewhat reduces efficiency of a superheater boiler, this is no argument against high temperature superheating, which, as was shown in the paper, offers great and important advantages over saturated steam.
A number of illustrations showing different locomotives in which special features have been embodied to secure some of the different gains enumerated by the author were shown, including compound locomotives, superheated engines, valve gears and water tube boilers as well as some results from the performance of the Horatio Allen, of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad, wherein a machine efficiency of 93.;86 per cent. and a thermal efficiency of 8 .;02 per cent. was recorded. In the discussion which followed and in which several members took part, Mr. Carr (B.N.R.) touched a very important feature in modern locomotive design by pointing out the very small proportion of the total weight of engine and tender utilised for adhesion whilst axle loads had been increased, necessitating heavier and more costly permanent way.

H.M. the Queen's Saloon. L.N.E.R.  53
Rearrangements made to the Queen's day railway saloon, at the Doncaster works of the London and North-Eastern Ry. This vehicle was originally built in 1907. It was 67 ft. long, 69 ft. over buffers, and is carried :on two six-wheeled bogies. It was so arranged that it could form part of the Royal train or be used as a single unit when her Majesty travels alone, as sometimes happens on her visits to Goldsborough or to Sandringham.
It consists of a day saloon, a private saloon, and a dressing room, with accommodation for the equerry and an attendant's balcony, fitted so that meals can be prepared when the saloon forms the principal unit of the train. It is customary on these occasions to serve meals in the day saloon. This latter is the principal apartment, arranged in the Louis XVI. style, the furniture being light French mahogany, upholstered in green velvet. The small private saloon or boudoir is enamelled in jade, and is upholstered similarly to the day saloon. The Queen's dressing room is entered from the boudoir.
All the details of the decoration and the furniture were settled by her Majesty: who took great interest in the re-arranging and re-conditioning of the vehicle. It is lighted throughout by electricity, with shaded lamps on the bracket tables and lino-lights concealed behind the cornice round the full length of the day saloon and the boudoir.

London, Midland & Scottish Ry. (L. & N.W. Section).  53
No. 4346 was latest 0-6-0 ex Kerr Stuart & Co., to be delivered to Crewe for service on this section. Delivery of twenty-five similar engines ex Andrew Barclay & Co., had been commenced; the first four engines, Nos. 4357-60, being already at work. A further five 2-6-0 mixed traffic engines have recently been completed at Crewe, Nos. 13036-40.
We understand that the 4-6-0 engines ordered from the N. B. Loco. Co. Ltd. are to have three H.P. cylinders (18in x 26in) and 6 ft. 9 in. wheels.
Experiment class 4-6-0, No. 1993 Richard Moon (L.M.S. No. 5472) had been converted to superheater. Latest addition to class G1 (superheater) was No. 2528 (now L.M.S. No. 9027), which formerly was class D. Special tank shunting engines Nos. 3379 and 3651 and ex NLR 4-4-0 passenger tank No. 2824 have been withdrawn.

Pullman cars for Continental service. 54-6. 3 illustrations
Thirty cars constructed by Leeds Forge Co. Ltd for Wagon-Lits services to Nice and Milan. Kitchens had coal-fired ranges.

Ahrons, E.L.. The early Great Western standard gauge engtines. 57-9.
0-6-0ST No. 1134 Buffalo and 2-2-2 Sir Alexander classes

Central buffer couplers. 59-60. 2 diagrams

A novel carriage ventilator. 61-2. 4 diagrams
Airvac

G.W.R. 20-ton wagons. 62
Discounts offered to customers as incentive to use high capacity wagons, including through the tipping appliances at coaal exporting docks in South Wales.

The manufacture, heat treatment, and testing of locomotive axles. 62-4.
Including steel specifications.

The Panama Railway. 64
Locomotives supplied by the Portland Locomotive Works between 1852 and 1873 with works numbers and names

Correspondence. 65

Stephenson Locomotive Society. Re L.B. & S.C. Locomotive "Gladstone. J.N. Maskelyne
It is with the utmost satisfaction that the Council of the Stephenson Locomotive Society is able to announce that negotiations for the preservation and acquisition of William Stroudley's celebrated Express Passenger Locomotive Gladstone are now completed. Everyone interested in railway history will remember that this locomotive was the first of a class of thirty-six which made the name of its designer famous throughout the world. Built in 1882, and put to work in December of that year, the Gladstone has completed forty-four years' service. It has just been withdrawn by the Southern Ry. Co., in order to be restored to its original condition and re-painted in the very distinctive yellow colour adopted by Stroudley. Arrangements have been made with the London & North Eastern Ry. Co., for the Gladstone to be housed in their Railway Museum at York, until such time as accommodation can be found in London, possibly at South Kensington Museum, in the course of a few years.
The Stephenson Locomotive Society has made itself responsible for the cost of the work of restoring the engine, and has opened a fund to defray the somewhat heavy expenses. Anyone who may be interested in the preservation of historic locomotives is invited to contribute to this fund, and, any donations received will be acknowledged gratefully by the Society's treasurer, Mr. F. H. Smith, 159, Albert Road, Croydon, Surrey, to whom all contributions should be sent.

Three-cylinder locomotives. William T. Hoecker.
Reply to correspondent "Diamond," whose letter appeared on page 407 of the December Locomotive. The fact that locomotive builders spend considerable sums in advertising, in order to popularise a certain type of construction, is no indication that the design in question is the most suitable that can be adapted to fit all circumstances. The first Union Pacific 4-12-2 locomotive has been in service but nine months, so that its ultimate success cannot yet be predicted with confidence. The well-known history of other multi-cylinder locomotives in America should not be forgotten by the over-optimistic.
Since" Diamond" requires proof of the statement that it is impossible to obtain equality of power-output from the several cylinders of a 3-cylinder locomotive equipped with a combination valve-gear, he is advised to consult the following publications ;-
I. Pamphlet issued in 1924 by the Lehigh Valley R.R. Co., and the American Locomotive Co., containing numerous indicator diagrams taken from the Lehigh Valley 4-8-2 engine No. 5000, equipped with Gresley gear.
2. Railway andj Locomotive Engineering, Nov. 1924, page 331, depicting indicator diagrams taken from South Manchuria Ry. 2-8-2 engine No. 1601, equipped with Gresley gear.
3. Robert Garbe-Die Dampflokomotiven der Gegenwart- 1920, pages 573 and 842.
4. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, 1925, pages 969 and 982, with; special reference to the Gresley gear.
"Diamond's" statement concerning "varied loading at high revolutions" is not in accord with the consensus of opinion among engineers, as designers of multi-cylinder locomotives invariably strive to obtain equal piston loads in all cylinders, to insure a uniform turning moment.
I should like to ask" Diamond" one further question. It has recently been stated in the technical press that the L. & N.E.R. "Pacificr' locomotive No. 4477, Gay Crusader, has a " modified valve-motion." What does this modification consist of, and why was it deemed necessary?
(We understand the modification to the valve motion of engine No. 4477, L. & N.E.R. is to give a longer valve travel, and the result has been to slightly reduce the coal consumption. Editor.)

Recent accidents. 65-6
The Inspecting Officers of the Ministry of Transport issued their reports on four accidents, all occurring on the London and North Eastern Ry.
On 22 July 1926, the 8-20 p.m. passenger train from Newcastle to South Shields had just started, after stopping at Gateshead East Station, when it was run into in the rear by a light engine which had followed it from Newcastle. The passenger train consisted of five bogie vehicles, weighing 111 tons 1 cwt., and was drawn by 2-4-2 tank engine No. 1599, weighing 53 tons 16 cwt. The light engine was No. 698, of 4-4-2 type, and weighing, with six-wheeled tender, 121 tons 10 cwt. The last vehicle of the train was telescoped and all the others more or less damaged, whilst the light engine had the front buffer beam damaged beyond repair, the left frame badly bent in front and other minor damage; twenty-one passengers complained of shock or injury. The mishap was due to the temporary inability of the signalman at Gateshead Junction to replace the home signal to danger after the passing of the passenger train, and permissive working being in force between Newcastle and Gateshead, the driver of the light engine, who was close behind, took the signal as referring to him. The signals are power operated on the electro-pneumatic system, and the inability to replace the home signal was due to the distant signal check lock not clearing, although it was after- wards found in working order, and Major Hall suggests, among other recommendations, that the check lock, which is not generally used on modern power installations, should be removed.
When the 9-47 p.m. electric train on the circular service from Newcastle via Monkseaton and Heaton, on August 7, had passed Manors station on the homeward journey, it came into sidelong collision at Manors Junction at about 10-50 p.m. with a goods train which was crossing immediately in front of it. The dead body of the motorman was subsequently discovered under a bridge a short distance west of Heaton station, and the train was consequently running driverless. Considerable damage was done to the stock, and sixteen passengers complained of injuries. Subsequent examination showed that the automatic control, generally known as the "dead man's handle," had been tied down with two handkerchiefs so as to keep the button depressed. Major Hall concludes that this had been done deliberately by the motorman, who was therefore alone responsible for the accident.
The third report referred to the level crossing accident at Naworth on August 30, which aroused much public comment at the time, the 1-18 p.m. express passenger train from Newcastle to Carlisle colliding with a road motor coach which had been irregularly allowed to pass over the crossing. The train consisted of two six-wheeled vans next to the engine and six bogie coaches, weighing in all 176 tons, was drawn by 4-4-0 type engine No. 1929, weighing 91 tons 6 cwt., and was travelling about 50 miles per hour. The train was not derailed and suffered but slight damage; the road coach was, however, completely wrecked, and, of its sixteen occupants, eight were killed, three seriously and three slightly injured, whilst the porter in charge of the gates was killed also. Lt.-Col. Mount states that no blame of any kind can be attributed either to the driver of the train or of the road motor, and that the porter in charge was solely responsible, having (1) failed to observe the position of the indicators in the porters' room, (2) omitted to place the signals at danger before opening the gates, and (3) failed to open the gates in the proper sequence. He also recommends that, having regard to the traffic over the crossing, its equipment should be brought into line with modern practice and the gates suitably interlocked with the signals.
The last case was a collision at Wortley East Junction, between Armley and Leeds, on September 18, the 6-38 a.m. passenger train from Bradford to Leeds running into a light engine standing on the up main line. The train consisted of five coaches, the first and last pair being of the articulated bogie type and the centre one a six wheeler; it was drawn by 4-4-2 tank engine No. 4549, weighing 621 tons. The light engine, which was stationary with its chimney facing the passenger train, was No. 6104, of the 4-6-0 type, whiich with six-wheeled tender weighed 119 tons. The train was travelling at considerable speed and 'injuries were suffered by thirteen passengers and all four enginemen, whilst the passenger guard complained of shock. Major Hall finds the driver of the light engine had stopped clear of the paints leading to. the goads line over which the signalman intended he should have passed. He does not blame the enginemen for this, but the signalman who. should have satisfied himself that the main line was clear before accepting the passenger train. The enginemen, however, should have carried out the instructions with regard to. the fireman proceeding immediately to the signal box to. remind the signalman af the engine's position. He also makes certain recommendations as to the signalling arrangements at this past.

Reviews. 66

The chronicles of Boulton's Siding. Alfred Rosling Bennett, London: Locomotive Publishing Co., Ltd.
Readers of these pages will have no need to be reminded of the series of articles with the above title contributed by Mr. Bennett between 1920 and 1925, and the interest which they aroused together with the amount of additional matter which subsequently came to light has induced him to republish them in book form, incorporating therewith all the further data which is now available. The book may be regarded as supplementary to the usually recognised text books an the locomot ive, dealing as it does, not with typical standard designs, but with a heterogeneaus collection of locomotives of endless variety, of the majorrty of which no. duplicates were ever built. It does more, however, than merely record a number of unique, and in same cases freakish, specimens of the locomotive engine, as, combined with the author's voluminous nates, it sets forth the life work of one who. made the locomotive a hobby, as well as a business, and showed a good deal of originality in the designs he produced. Mr. Boultan was a man of resource, and it is fortunate that his history and that of the works which he controlled, should be put on record, as, whilst adapting his products to. the needs of his clients, he was enabled to carry aut many interesting departures in locomotive construction and design. Whilst the whale story, embellished.with a number of anecdotes written in Mr. Bennett's well-known attractive style, is of outstanding interest to. the student of locomotive history, two sections of the work claim special attention. The first deals with the part played by I.W. Boulton in the development of the water tube bailer, and althaugh this particular feature has never established itself in favour with locomotive engineers, the value of a full account of what was, perhaps, the mast extensive series of experiments made with this type of boiler is obvious. The second gives, we believe for the first time, a complete record of the experiments made in using hat bricks in a locomotive firebox far generating steam without the emission of smoke, a condition considered paramount for the equipment of locomotive pawer an the Metropolitan Ry. prior to. its opening, and which led to the many mysterious rumours regarding Fowler's Ghost, as it was called, which are now definitely set at rest. In Chapter IV. Bennett regrets that there is no certainty as to when Trent, a 0-4-2 tender engine of Sharp's build, purchased by Boulton from the L. & N.W.R. and originally belonging to. the Manchester and Birmingham Ry., was built. There can, however, be no. reasonable doubt that all the four engines of this class possessed by the M. & B. Ry. first saw the light in 1842. The work is illustrated by no less than ninety blocks, many of which have been specially drawn far it, and form by no means its least valuable feature ..

Les rampes de chemins de fer et les lignes de montagne, L. Wiener. Brussels: Imprimerie F. van Buggenhoudt, S. . Lcndon: Locomotive Publish- ing Co., Ltd.
As a fitting supplement to his work an Articulated Locomotives, of which a notice appeared in our last issue, in this book the author deals with the problems the civil engineer has to. face in laying aut mountain railways. The fixing of the gradients, the course of the line and the gauge have to. be studied in relation to. the capacity for efficiently meeting traffic re- quirements. Then again, existing lines often have to. be modified or modernised to. meet altered conditions. Data far calculating pawer of the locomotives required, with due allowances far the fuel used, influence of curves, climate, etc., are valuable far reference purpases. The writer then gives leading particulars, methods of working, etc., of mountain lines all aver the world.
These include the various lines crossing the Alps, Rockies, Alleghanies and Cordilleras, as well as the railways an the frontier of India and in Burma. Plans of the curves of the Gothard, Loetschberg, and other Cantinental lines are given. A big section is then devoted to rack railways of various types, while the concluding chapter describes various forms of aerial ropeways.

Instruction book — M.L.S. locomotive superheaters. London : The Superheater Company, Ltd. Third Edition.
Based an experience gained fram the maintenance and operation of M.L.S. smoke tube superheaters fitted to. locomotives of all types and operating an practically every railway, the instructions given in this handbook provide practical information as to the mast efficient manner of installing, operating and maintaining the superheater apparatus. At the end of the booklet is a section devoted to. Questians and Answers regarding superheated locomotives.

The Locomotive of to-day (Eighth edition). London : The Locomotive Publishing Co., Ltd.
That the above meets the want of a popular and practical text-book an the mad ern locomotive, written in a style appreciated by students, engineers and locomotive men generally, is confirmed by its extraordinary success and universal sale. In this, the eighth edition, the publishers have entirely revised the book and have had the contents largely re-written. In details of practice which have undergone radical change during the quarter-century, the Locomotive of To-day has held its awn, the latest and mast up-to-date procedure has replaced the obsolete. Where boilers were built up of a number of plates, one often now provides the boiler shell, whilst another forms the wrapper plate. The latest and mast approved methods of securing tubes, including electric welding, are dealt with. Superheating and its general adoption on modern locomotives has not been overlooked, whilst piston valves and the latest cylinder arrangements are described and illustrated.
Feed-heaters and appliances, live steam and exhaust in- jectors, mechanical lubricators, etc., are all to be found fully represented in the volume. A novel feature of the book is the inter-leaving of blank pages for readers to utilise for any sketches they may desire to record of details or arrangements varying from those actually illustrated, as it is manifestly impossible to include in any treatise the thousand and one variations from the orthodox which are found in practice.

Les voies de transport entre Bayreuth et Damas, G. Jolivet et H. Favrel. Paris: Revue Universe lie des Transports,. London: The Locomotive Publishing Co., Ltd.
This booklet gives a detailed description of the Syrian railway (metre gauge) between the port of Beyreuth and Damascus, and its traffic and locomotives. Considerable difficulties were encountered in locating the route, as two mountain ranges, parallel to the coast, had to be traversed. The summit levels are 1,470 and 1,400 metres above the sea, with very steep approaches necessitating the adoption of the Abt system of combined rack and adhesion on these sections. Illustrations and drawings with full particulars of the three classes of rack and adhesion locomotives are given. These represent succes- sive stages of development, beginning with the 1896-1903 series of the 0-6-2 type, 1905-6 series of 0-8-2 type and the 1924-26 design of superheater 0-10-0. The new engines take nearly double the loads of the original ones.

Oerlikon Bulletins
Nos. 61/62 Regenerative braking adopted on Oerlikon D.C. locomotives supplied for the Paris, Lyons and Mediterranean Ry. Details are given of the equipment in question together with diagrams of connections and braking curves. The same issue further includes an account of tests carried out on a stack of cooling tubes for oil-immersed transformers, for the purpose of determining the heat radiation.
Bulletins Nos. 63/64 mainly devoted to the description of the Lake of III and Tourtemgane hydro-electric power development in Switzerland. This installation comprises a lower power station having a capacity of 20,000 h.p. and operating under a head of 2,381 ft. and a higher generating station with a capacity of 11,200 h.p. and a head of 2,933 ft. ; there is further a pumping station for water storage. Details are also given in this issue of various equipments and instal- lations.
Bulletin No. 65 deals with the electric locomotives of the Bernese Oberland Ry. These locomotives are designed for operating off a 1,500 volt D.e. supply and arranged for rack and adhesion operation. This number also includes short notices on the new electric locomotives for India and Spain, emergency devices for tramcars, automatic switchgear for battery charging, portable compressors and vacuum pumps.

Brarnco (1920) Ltd., St. Nicholas St., Coventry,
Two ileaflets various types of " Mercury" motor shunting tractors. These little machines do the light work, usually performed by a yard steam locomotive, at about half the cost, and in railway shops have been found more economical than electric trucks or other methods of shifting material during progress through the works. These tractors are to work on road or rail, are small, compact, easily handled and powerful; they can be run for an eight-hour day on a couple of gallons of petrol and a quart of oil. They will turn in a radius of 6 ft., and work practically anywhere where a hand truck will go. The TO. 5 model is made to work on any gauge rails from 2 ft. to 4 ft. 8t in. It will work in either direction and push or pull up to 25 tons. The power is provided by a ~2 h.p. four-cylinder engine, and is geared to two speeds, the top being 8 m.p.h.

Electric locomotives for the Spanish Northern Ry.
Oerlikon Company had received order for 22 electric locomotives for heavy duty for the Spanish Northern Ry., this contract being secured in the face of keen competition. When coming to their decision, the Spanish committee of experts had before them the very satisfactory results obtained with the Oerlikon freight locomotive in use in France on the electrified lines of the Paris- Orleans Ry. The latter Company ordered 80 Oerlikon loco- motives a few years ago, a large number of which have now been in service for a considerable time, not only for hauling goods trains but also for dealing with passenger traffic. The Spanish I orthern Railway Company (Compania de los Caminos de Hierro del orte de Espana) operates a large system in the north of Spain, which extends from Madrid on one side to the east coast on the other side. This company has now started to electrify the lines radiating from Barcelona; the first sections to be taken in hand are the Barcelona- Manresa line in the direction of Lerida-Saragossa, and the line to San Juan de las Abadesa in the Pyrenees, from which the Trans-Pyrenees railway to Aix-les Thermes in France branches off at Ripoll, a total distance of 170 kilometres. The locomotives ordered are intended for hauling goods trains and for dealing with ordinary passenger traffic as well as express service. The trailing load will be 1,200 tons, and the maximum speed 56 m.p.h. In order to cope with these duties, the locomotives are to be built for an output of 2,040 H.P. at about 20·5 m.p.h. This corresponds to a tractive effort of 16·7 tons (one-hour rating) and 12·3 tons (continuous rating). The locomotives will be designed for regenerative braking for use during down-grade operation.
The locomotives are carried by two six-wheel bogies coupled together, the diameter of the driving wheels being 4 ft. 3i\rin. (1,300 mm.). Each axle is driven by one motor, through reduction gear, with a ratio of 1 to 4·93, disposed on one side. The motor is arranged for "tram" suspen- sion. The weight of each locomotive is 90 tons, corresponding to the permissible axle load of 15 tons.
In connection with this electrification scheme the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd., Manchester and Sheffield, have also obtained an important contract for 104 motors of 230 brake horse power each, for the Northern Ry. of Spain. The motors will be constructed at the Attercliffe Common Works, Sheffield. The equipment is for twenty-six train units, each consisting of one motor coach and one trailer coach, providing seating accommodation for 200 people. Each motor coach will be fitted with four 230 b.h.p. motors operated by direct current at 1,500 volts by overhead trolley line.

The Westlnghouse Brake and Sax By Signal Co., Ltd.,
Metropolitan- Vickers Electrical Co., Ltd., ordered 232 motor-driven air compressors, type DH-25, and 232 air-pressure governors, type ES-16, for motor coaches of the Southern Ry. These were in addition to 251 compressors and governors of the same types previously supplied for the Southern Ry.

International Combustion Ltd.
Illustrated booklet from of Africa House, Kingsway, London, described the Lopulco Pulverised Fuel System of boiler firing. First applied to it steam locomotive in 1912 and to an electnc power station in 1915, the burning of coal in pulverised form ior boiler firing is now in successful operation in' some of the largest electrical and industrial power houses in the world. Briefly, the Lopulco system comprises a number of devices to carry out the following operations. The raw fuel is dried by a vertical steam drier and then ground to the required fineness by a roller mill. The particles of pulverised coal are removed by a system of air separation, and then stored in a bunker, thence they pass to a system of feeders at the bottom of the bunker. At the feeders the coal is mixed with air and the mixture passed through pipes to the burners; the burners are vertical and are supported by the arch of the combustion chamber. The flames, projected downwards into the combustion chamber, are met by cross currents of air introduced through ducts in the combustion chamber walls, the air forming 'a cooling medium for the walls. The flames are projected with such velocity and direction that the hottest zone is a little below the centre of the combustion chamber, and they are of such length that the rising gases have ample time to complete combustion before reaching the boiler tubes. Combustion is completed within about two seconds from the feeding of the fuel to the furnace, so that regulation is as easy as with a gas fired plant.

British Air Brake Co. Ltd.
Business and interests merged with. those of the Consolidated Brake & Engineering Co. Ltd., at Caxton House, Westminster, in which name the joint business will in future be conducted. Both' companies have specialised for many years past in the production of standard brake materials in their respective spheres, and as the result of this association and the amalgamation of the technical staffs of the two organisations the Consolidated Co. is now in a position to undertake the design and manu fac.ture of power braking apparatus, and fittings of every description, for either vacuum or air systems, for al! classes of rolling stock, whether steam or electrically operated, as well as for tramways, omnibuses and al! other types of mechanically propelled road vehicles.

South African Rys., Cape Town Suburban Electrificatlon.
The Westinghouse Brake & Saxby Signal Co.'s tender had been accepted for the all-electric power working of points, and electrical operation of day colour light signals with alternating current track circuits at Cape Town; and automatic and semi-automatic day colour light signals with A.C. track circuits equipped with resonated impedance bonds, between Cape Town and Wynberg.

Great Indian Peninsula Ry.-
The tender. of Messrs. Saxby & Farmer (India) Ltd., of Calcutta, has been accepted for Westinghouse electro-pneumatic power interlocking at Victoria terminus, Bombay, with day colour light signals, electro- pneumatic points, and A.C. track circuits equipped with resonated impedance bonds.

No. 415 (15 March 1927)

4-6-0 locomotives, Ceylon Government Rys. 69-70. illustration, diagram (side & front/rear elevations)
Light locomotive with 4ft coupled wheels buit by Nasmyth Wilson & Co. Ltd

Three-cylinder compound locomotive, London, Midland and Scottish Railway. 72 + plate f.p. 72. diagram. (side elevation)
PLATE MISSING. See also paragraph page 127

Electric passenger rail car and shunting locomotive. 77-8. 2 illustrations
Electromobiles Ltd of Otley supplied a battery poweered railcar to the War Office to convey personnel  at the artillery ranges onn Shoeburyness. A battery powered shunting locomotive capable of hauling 300 tons was illustrated.

The Alexandra Newport & South Wales Docks and Railway and its locomotives. -80
Continued page 120

Amac, pseud. The "Director" class, L. & N.E.R. in Soctland. 82.
The difficulties experienced by Scottish drivers with a strange design of cab, especially with the right-hand drive.

The locomotive history of the Great Indian Peninsula Ry. 83-5. 4 illustrations

Obituary. 86
John Metcalfe died at Redcar on 18 February 1927; aged 87. Born in Middlesbrough. Worked as a fireman on the Stockton & Darlington Railway from age 14. Drove the now preserved Derwent and worked on footplate for over fifty years.

Ferdinand Achard. The first British locomotives of the St. Etienne-Lyon Railway. 88-92. 2 diagrams
Reprinted in full from Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 7-68.

Notes on  the manufacture of the Standard British Buffer. 92-3. 6 diagrams
Black-finished forging manufactured from mild steel. The type of furnace, hammers, forging and plating and machining of the spindle and buffer head are all specified.

[Edinburgh Pullman]. 93
Since the middle of February the Up and Down Edinburgh Pullman has been worked between London and Harrogate has been worked by Director class No. 5511 Marne stationed at Leeds' The train ran via Church Fenton and Knottingley. London men work the train with an Atlantic on alternate days.

Technical essays. IX—On the future policy of the mechanical department. 94-6..

Manufacture, heat treatment, and testing of locomotive axles. 97-8.

Locomotive with cylinders and frame in one steel casting.  100. 2 illustrations.
0-8-0 for St. Louis Terminal Railway with castings supplied by Commonwealth Steel Co.

L.B. & S.C. R. locomotive "Gladstone". 100.
Restoration nearing completion.

High power electric locomotive. 100.
William P. Durtnall paper to Junior Institution of Engineers (North East Coast branch) on design of 2200 horse power high speed locomotive.

Correspondence. 101

[Sussex's valve gear] William E. Briggs
Re M.M. Niven's remarks on Sussex's valve gear, and wish to make it clear that I did not mean in my first letter that Sussex was fitted with the well-known Joy radial valve gear, but with a gear invented by that same eminent engineer.
I quite appreciate the employment of the term "Dodd's gear," but as the gear employed on Sussex was always spoken of as Joy's in the shops at Brighton, I employed the term in the same sense in my letter
Unfortunately my time at Brighton Works as a premium apprentice did not commence until after Sussex had gone to her rest, otherwise I might have had an intimate acquaintance with this most interesting engine, but I well remember conversations I had with some of the men who had worked on the fluid pressure gear, etc., particularly I recall a chat with the man—a very old hand—who had the task of boring the tiny hole right through, or nearly so, the crank axle, and he spoke of his fears lest the drill employed should break off well inside the shaft, and the difficulty of extracting the broken piece.
In the Railway Magazine for October, 1908, page 321, there appears an illustration of a pair of single driving wheels fitted up complete on crank with the Joy gear we are now considering, and although underneath the picture there is a bracketed suggestion that the wheels belong to a "Midland" engine, yet to anyone familiar with former "Brighton" practice, there is no doubt that the illustration is that of Sussex's driving wheels. Furthermore, the site would easily be recognised by anyone familiar with the Brighton Works as they were at the time that Sussex was being fitted up with the experimental gear.
Reverting to my request for a view of the front end of the old 2-2-2 tank No. 14 of 1852, apparently none of my fellow readers have been able to help in this matter with a drawing, may I now ask if any gentleman could kindly give a description of the general practice of Craven at that period (the early  1850s), as I have an idea that the early Cravens had flat smoke box doors, two doors to each smoke box and meeting together and fastened on vertical centre line of boiler. Also what shape were the smoke box sides at the bottom, of those days? did they curve inwards and was the front plate of smoke box spread out at the sides of bottom of smoke box, as was the practice in later days. If any reader can help in these matters I shall be very thankful.
I was interested to read that the Southern are to build some 0-8-0 tanks, I do not know for which section these are intended, but it is interesting to call to mind that R.J. Billinton had two 0-8-0 tanks on order at the Brighton Works towards the end of 1904. In most respects they would have been identical with his last series of 4 ft. 6 in. radial tanks (now known as the E.6 class), but with a coupled wheel in place of the trailing radial of the E.6 class, but after the decease of Billinton in November, 1904, the order for the eight-coupled arrangement was cancelled, and the engines left the works in 1905 as 0-6-2 tanks of the E.6 class. Before closing may I advise all interested in the old Sussex to read also the Railway Magazine article appearing in the December, 1908, issue, where extracts are given from the diaries of the David Joy, and his own comments on Sussex.See letter from F.W. Holliday on p. 336-7.

Expansion. M.M. Niven.
We have recently been informed that a new valve and gear is being experimented with: the Caprotti poppet valves, operated by means of a gear-box. The writer has seen diagrams of this gear cutting off at 3 per cent. of the stroke, taken off an Italian State Ry. engine, and as our knowledge and experience goes, we know that 15 per cent. is the minimum possible cut-off with other gears hitherto. With superheating and other improvements, and with the successful performance of the compound engines of the Midland Ry. (now L.M.S.), a gear such as Lentz or Caprotti will no doubt become universal in the future.
D.K. Clark was the first experimental worker who seriously took up expansive working. He demonstrated that a portion of the steam admitted to the cylinders at each stroke was condensed, and that it was partly re-evaporated at the end of the expansion, and that by this destroying process, the efforts at economy by cutting off early and expanding were baffled, insomuch that it was impossible with economy to cut off earlier than one third of the stroke."
Above words were quoted by A. Mallet in 1877 before the Societe des Ingenieurs Civils. D.K. Clark read a paper in 1852 before the Institution of Civil Engineers on this subject. Every responsible engineer knows that the saturated steam locomotive was sluggish and did not pull well when cutting-off behind the 25 per cent. grade, nor did the beat tell that this was the case. The writer has a very sensitive ear and can by it tell if an engine is being driven scientifically. The old slide valve served its day well when steam was lower in pressure, but piston valves are often unsatisfactory, and troublesome, due to carbonisation of segments and rings, and we must look to such as the Caprotti or similarly con- trolled valves, as by such the steam locomotive has a long and useful career before it. What was impossible to D.K. Clark will become a fact to-day.

Reviews. 101

La locomotive: description raissonee de ses organes, U. Lamalle and F. Legein. Brussels: Ramlot Freres et Soeur. London: The Locomotive Publishing Co., Ltd.
The present volume represents the third edition of a most practical treatise on the locomotive, more particularly as it exists on the Belgian Rys., the joint authors being attached to the administration of the Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fer Belges. It is not pretended to be a historical work, and few pages are devoted to this, but a full description, accompanied with clear drawings, is given to all the details of the modern locomotive—its boiler, mechanism, framing and fittings. Although other Continental and even British practice is at times mentioned, it is presumably only in connection with adoption on the Belgian types, for, under Air Brakes, we find no description of the Knorr apparatus, although vehicles fitted with this brake must at times circulate over the Belgian lines. Under Distributeurs (slide valves), etc., we would have expected to find more mention—and, perhaps, illustrations—of poppet valves, such as the Caprotti, Lentz., etc., but they are simply mentioned as being under trial, no comment being made. Similarly, the volume is silent on many of the more recent developments of superheating, high-pressure boilers, etc. They are probably reserved for future editions to be published, when such devices have found more general adoption on the locomotives of the Belgian Rys. The book is another interesting addition to practical treatises on modern locomotive engineering, and will, we feel sure, find many readers this side of the Channel.

[English Electric Journal]. 102
Special Traction Number of the English Electric Journal contains profusely illustrated articles on the electric traction works of the English Electric Company; electrification of the lines of the Port of Montreal; electric traction equipments in Japan; "under-car" control equipments for 1,500-volt motor coaches, etc.

Holiday Haunts. Published by the Superintendent of the Line, Great Western Ry., Paddington Station. 102
The 1927 edition of this G.W.R. publication celebrates its twenty-first birthday. To mark the occasion it has been again enlarged, and contains a mass of information for the tourist, holiday-maker, and for the general public. When the first edition appeared in May, 1906, it comprised 334 pages, the present issue contains 1,000 pages with over 400 selected illustrations of places of beauty and interest on the "Holiday Line." A special staff attached to the Publicity Department at Paddington has been engaged since May last in collecting pictures and information to be used, and incidentally it may be mentioned that no less than 219 tons of paper were required for the 175,000 copies printed. To ensure publication of the guide on 1 March, the procedure at the printing works is arranged to a pre-arranged time schedule. The guide circulates not only all over Great Britain and Ireland, but copies are placed on all ocean liners, and sent to all the principal clubs throughout the British Dominions.

L. & N.E.R. signalling experiments. 102
E.F. Fleet, of York, signal engineer of the North-Eastern area of the L. & N.E.R., and recently elected President of the Institute of Railway Signal Engineers, has been responsible. for two experiments in safer signalling practice on the L. & N.E.R. One of these is a system of intermittent or transient track circuit which has been installed at Castleford, in place of token instruments on a section of single line. The continuous current track circuit is dispensed with, but before a train can be signalled in either direction the transient impulse current must have swept the track from both ends, first by the signalman offering the train, and then by the signalman accepting the train.
The other development is the introduction of the three-colour daylight system of signalling between Croft and Darlington on the main line. This installation will result in closing down three signal boxes, thus effecting economy in working. It is proposed to adopt approach lighting. In the normal position, no light is exhibited, but when a train approaches within 1,200 or 1,800 yards, the colour light signal will be illuminated by the track circuit control, and the red, yellow or green light will show the length of clear headway in advance of the train. When the train has passed it maintains a red light showing in the signal until it has covered 1,600 to 2,000 yards ahead.

Battery locomotives for power stations and works.  102
The D.P Battery Co. Ltd., of Bakewell, Derbyshire, and 11 Victoria Street, Westminster, have issued a well- produced booklet dealing with the services given by Battery locomotives at the super power station of the Electricity Department of the Glasgow Corporation in handling the coal supplies, and the removal of ashes. A photo reproduction shows this locomotive handling a load of 150 tons. During eighteen months the tonnage hauled totalled 758,730, with a total battery discharge of 37,798 units. This locomotive is fitted with a Kathanode battery of 108 cells, capacity 384 ampere hours at the 5-hour rate of discharge. The battery has been in constant use for three years, and still gives full capacity. It is seldom necessary to charge it more than once in 24 hours.
The other locomotive illustrated is of the combined trolley and battery type at the Peterborough works of Baker, Perkins, Ltd. This locomotive is operated both in the works and outside, the length of track being over two miles. Only a short section is equipped with overhead line, and when in that area the trolley is brought into use. A special feature of the equipment is the arrangement by which the battery can be charged whilst shunting is in progress. Apart from propelling the locomotive, the battery is used for various auxiliary purposes, such as lighting, driving electric cranes and motors. The maintenance costs of the Kathanode batteries have been found to be extremely low, and after four years' service are still in excellent working order.

The Superheater Company. 102
17, East 42nd Street, New York City,: Spanish edition of their instruction book, covering the installation, operation, maintenance, and repairs of their locomotive superheaters. It is a translation of the American edition and has been prepared for distribution in Spanish speaking countries. The instructions given apply generally to the Elesco type of superheater, irrespective of whether made by the American Co., or by its associations in England, France or Germany. Copies jwill be sent wherever they can be used advantageously.

Hadfields Ltd., Hecla Works, Sheffield,  102
Leaflets illustrating examples of railway trackwork constructed of Hadfield's patent manganese steel rolled rails. In addition to the British railways using Hadfields patent Era manganese steel for their permanent way, it is also used on many railways in other countries, including Belgium, Holland, Spain, Japan, South America, South Africa, Australia and Canada. By reason of its extreme hardness and toughness, this material has successfully met the demand for track work that is subject to the severe wear and tear of modern traffic. The hundreds of crossings in Era steel on the London Tube Rys. show scarcely any signs of wear, although many have had more than 200 million tons of traffic over them. Another circular describes Hadfields Hadura steel shear blades for cutting hot blooms, bars, billets, etc.

Westinghouse Brake & Saxby Signal Co., Ltd.,  102
Order from Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Co., Ltd., for eighty-two electrically driven air compressors, type C.M.38, for the supply of compressed air to the brake equipments on electric locomotives of the Great Indian Peninsula Ry. Saxby & Farmer (India) Ltd., of Calcutta, who are associated with The Westinghouse Brake & Saxby Signal Co., Ltd., of London and Chippenham, have been given the con- tract for the supply of Westinghouse semi-automatic daylight signals, and A.C. track circuiting over approximately three miles of double track, between Churchgate and Grant Road, on the Bombay, Baroda & Central India Ry., the control apparatus for these signals being located in four cabins

New railway bridge at Nottingham. 102
The bridge at Trent Lane, on the L. & N.E. Ry. line from Nottingham to Grantham, is to be replaced by a new structure. A start has been made with the erection of the iron and wood staging which is to carry temporarily the new bridge, in preparation for placing it in position. The staging will be alongside the present bridge, and the exchange will be effected in one day, the old bridge being removed in sections, and the new bridge being rolled in its entirety on the existing stone abutments. These rise to a height of about fifteen feet above the L.M. & S. line from Nottingham to Newark, and the roadway. The task will not be an easy one, for the new bridge, which is designed to take the heaviest locomotives likely to be run in the future, will weigh 580 tons. It is being constructed in three spans by John Butler & Co. Ltd., Stanningley, Leeds, who have erected the centre span in their works, and this will shortly be dispatched to Nottingham. Special wagons will be required to take the main steel girders, which are 114 ft. in length and about 9 ft 6 in. in depth, and weigh 45 tons each. They are about the longest continuous girders that the firm have made. The bridge, which has a total length of approximately 200 feet, is to carry a double track.

No. 416 (14 April 1927)

Plymouth, Birkenhead and the North Express Great Western Ry. 103 + plate (missing)
Photograph by B. Whicher of 10.30 ex-Plymouth Millbay leaving Teignmouth at 11.44: train formed of very mixed rolling stock behind Saint class 4-6-0 No. 2977 Robertson

Locomotives for working boat specials, Port of London Authority. 103-4. 2 illustrations
Outside cylinder 0-6-0T Nos. 69 and 70 built by R. & W. Hawthorn, Leslie & Co.  in 1922 and working at Tilbury Dock. Fitted with both air and vacuum brakes; flangeless centre coupled wheels. Livery dark blue

London, Midland & Scottish Ry. (L. & N.W. Section). 104
Nos. 13041-4 were latest 2-6-0 mixed traffic engines ex-Crewe to be put into service on this section. Two additional class 4 0-6-0s had also been delivered and put into traffic: No. 4347 ex Kerr Stuart & Co., and No. 4361 ex A. Barclay & Sons. It is understood that a further twenty of the same type were to be built at Crewe.
Class B compound, No. 826, and class D simple, No. 1815, had been converted to class G1 (superheater) and renumbered 8905 and 9044 respectively. The former engine had also been provided with a standard Belpaire boiler. No. 2352, a 0-6-2 side tank coal engine (now No. 7835), had been adapted for working motor trains.
The 4-4-0 Webb compound, No. 1944 Victoria and Albert had been withdrawn for scrapping, thus leaving only one other of the type in service, viz., No. 1974 Howe which latter was fitted experimentally with a superheater. Other withdrawals of note were: 6 ft. 6 in. straight link class No. 1678 Airey and 4 ft. 6 in. passenger tanks, Nos s. 820 and 1358.

Compound express locomotive German Railways (Baden). 104-6. illustration, diagram (side elevation)
Four-cylinder compound 4-6-2 series IVb built by Maffei

Rebuilt locomotive: Norwegian State Railways. 107-8.  2 illustrations, 2 diagrams (side elevations)
0-10-0 of Ofoten Railway rebuilt as 2-10-0

Narrow gauge tender locomotive, Central Provinces Ry., India. 108-9. illustration, diagram (side & front elevations)
2ft 6in gauge 2-8-2 built Nasmyth Wilson & Co. uundeer supervision of Rendel Palmer & Tritton

The Leipzig Fair: machine tool exhibits, 109.

Continuous brakes on Continental goods trains. 109.
Trials in Italy of air brakes to be inter-workable with Westinghouse brakes used in France and Germany.

The Panama Railway.  110-12. 5 illustrations, map
Colonel M.L. Walker was President of the Panama Railway in 1927, C.L. McIlvaine was Executive Secretary of the Panama Canal Zone. The locomotives were mainly supplied by Baldwin

"No. 1," Great Northern Railway retires. 112
Famous No. 1 of the former Great Northern Ry., the one remaining survivor of the fifty-three single driving wheel locomotives built between 1870 and 1895 by Patrick Stirling, who took charge at Doncaster in 1866, made its last journey under its own steam from Doncaster to the London and North Eastern Ry. Museum at York on 23 March. No. 1 G.N.R. was built at Doncaster in 1870 and possesses driving wheels 8 ft. 2 in. in dia., with cylinders 18 in. dia. by 28 in. stroke. The weight of the engine as built was 38 tons 9 cwt., but from about 1884 a general strengthening of the detail parts increased the weight to 45 tons 3 cwt., and the engine and tender 85 tons 8 cwt. in working order. The weight on the driving wheels was 15 tons originally, and 17 tons later; tractive power, 12,589 lb.; tender capacity, water 3,500 gallons, and coal 5 tons. These celebrated locomotives were, perhaps, the most widely pictured and modelled engine types during the thirty years between 1870-1900, the great simplicity of the design being the most noticeable feature, and certainly they were excellent examples of the craftsmanship of the British railway mechanical engineer. They also proved capable of hauling considerable loads at high speeds, and during the races to Scotland in 1888 and 1895 they showed their worth by travelling for considerable distances at more than a mile a minute. On one occasion during this period the 105½ miles between London and Grantham was covered in 101 minutes by a Stirling locomotive hauling a train weighing 100 tons. Locomotive students throughout the world will wish No. 1 Stirling a well-earned rest at York, leaving the Gresley Pacifics to maintain the East Coast services now that the train loads are anything between 400 and 570 tons.

London & North Eastern Ry. 112
There were still two 2-4-0 tender engines on the Great Northern section of this system: Nos. 3814 and 4070, and one 0-4-4 tank, No. 3766. All the remainder of these once numerous Stirling engines have gone. Doncaster Works is now completing a series of 0-6-0 tanks of the J50 class. Some of the earlier series have been sent to Eastfield (Glasgow), and others to Ardsley (Leeds).

Delaware & Hudson Rv., U.S.A.
The new 2-4-0 (sic) 2-8-0 freight locomotive John B. J ervis had a water tube boiler with a working pressure of 400 psi. It was named after the designer of the famous De Witt Clinton built for the Mohawk & Hudson Ry. in 1831. The old engine weighed five tons, the new one 273 tons, or an increase of 5,360 per cent (sic).

Ahrons, E.L.. Early Great Western standard gauge locomotives. 113-15. 4 illustrations.
2-2-2 Sir Alexander class including rebuildings; including No. 1122 Beaconsfield. Also  0-6-0ST No. 1227

Household, H.W.G. Some notes on the Eskdale Railway. 115-117. 4 illustrations.
Mainly on handling stone traffic: most of the illustrations relate to this.

The Institution of Locomotive Engineers. 117; 119
Paper read at meeting on 31 March by A. Morton Bell, on "tare and load compared on modern locomotives and rolling stock." As a preface to his remarks the author showed a diagram giving a comparison between the dead-weight and train-load of coal trains in this country, in 1826 and 1926; this was supplemented by a third and fourth showing what could be done and might be in the future. In offering the last, the author wished it to be understood he was only suggesting a direction in which, in his opinion, some improvement might be sought in furthering the more economic development of our railways. Recent figures concerning the operation of the trunk lines of this country-leaving out the special effects of the never-to-be-repeated general strike—are anything but reassuring to either Directors, Managers or Shareholders. The cost of operation is now somewhere in the neighbourhood of 80 per cent. of the receipts, and from statements made by responsible authorities, there does not appear much chance of reduction; two of the chief items—coal and wages—are more likely to increase. Locomotion's train, including engine ana tender, weighed 60¼ tons and carried 80 tons of coal, a proportion of 1 : 1.2. The train of 1926 weighs 750 tons and carries 960 tons, again almost the same proportion of tare to load.. A coal train for the normal gauge brought up to the efficient standard of those running in India, gives a tare of 534 tons with 968 tons of coal; a ratio of 1:1.8.
The gauge of track and the limits of loading dimensions affect the tare of rolling stock very much, the wider gauges dictate additional weight which discounts paying loads unless large loading limits are permitted. To fully utilise the carrying power of a sufficiently strong 5 ft. 6 in. track, the author pointed out, the rolling stock should be some 16 ft. 6 in. wide, probably requiring a row of columns down the centre to support the roofs, with axles resembling, in outline, l00-ton guns.
The utilisation of the bulk of the dead-weight of locomotives on the drivers is now evidently receiving attention by designers. The employment of boosters to provide sufficient tractive effort to overcome the starting effort of heavy trains was noted as also the increasing popularity of articulated combined " tender-tank-engines," as the Garratt, Kitson-Meyer and other forms. The dead-weight of steam locomotives could doubtless be reduced by employing water tube boilers working at much higher pressures, but there was the condenser difficulty. Modified details had been tried in the shape of hollow axles, domeless boilersv ' and direct stayed . fireboxes, all tending to reduce tare.
Considering carriage stock, the author said that undoubtedly this country held high place in the proportionate weight of vehicles, although the newer examples compared unfavourably with some of the older ones. A carriage of 1847 for the old E.C. Ry., was shown wherein 110 passengers were comfortably seated, which only weighed 18 tons or, say, 370 lb. per seat. To-day a main line steel car for a British railway weighed 27 tons and seated only 56 passengers, or, say, 1,080 lb. per seat, lavatories must however be allowed for. The author then compared the weights of some road vehicles, pointing out the desirability of railway rolling stock designers carefully noting their rivals attempts at reducing tare.
Mr. Stroudley's very light passenger trains for the old L.B. & S.C. Ry. were quoted and some of the articulated trains of the L. & N.E. Ry. shown as examples of practice in the right direction. For light passenger services steam motor coaches were to be recommended and there was no doubt these vehicles were a promising asset for railways in the keen competition with the road. Mr. Bell sugges- ted still further reductions in dead-weight if similarity to road vehicles was more closely established. He pictured the possibility of running a train of railway charabancs, each with its motive power controlled electrically by one driver in front, it would not work out at much more than 200-250 lb. per seat. It looked very much as if the road motor engineers were leading in this detail of transport problems. Coming to the goods stock the author thought the railways might do much by instituting an " economy in tare campaign," he quoted the total tonnage of the British railways and compared their haulage of dead-weight in the form of wagons which were on the heavy side and necessitating using heavily weighted brake-vans for control of the trains. He considered a reduction of some thousands of ton-miles possible if only more efficient wagons were employed with continuous brakes. Here again the wonderful control now provided for on all road vehicles was a lesson railway men might study.
The President of the Institution, Sir Seymour Tritton, was in the chair and remarked on the value of Mr. Bell's paper to the Institution. He felt there was much to be said in favour of reducing the tare weight of railway vehicles, the wheels and axles were primarily the cause of much of the unsatisfactory comparison between tare and hid, he thought designers would do well to keep the desirability of low tare constantly before them.
Mr. A. C. Carr, voiced his advocacy of smaller wheels as contributing to a reduced tare, he also quoted some excellent examples of coal wagons he had been instrumental in getting adopted by the Bengal Nagpur Ry., wherein a very high load carrying efficiency had been obtained.
Mr. Beaumont, of the Sentinel-Cammell Co., also remarked on the great desirability of British railways making efforts to reduce tare-weight which he contended had become far too much and meant a heavy recurring expense in haulage. He attributed the success of the steam motor coach to its very light weight. Mr. H. Holcroft (Southern Ry.) pointed out some of the difficulties which might be incurred by the railways if they followed the road motor practice although he thought that for electric services the tare might be reduced.
Major Williams (Crown Agents for the Colonies) remarked on the comparisons made in the paper and considered it would be an advantage if railways took more notice of the great dead-weight they often hauled unnecessarily.

Royal Train for the Duke & Duchess of York, New Zealand Government Railways. 119; 118. 4 illustrations.
For Royal Tour in the North Island of New Zealand at the end of February 1927, the chief mechanical engineer of the. railway department provided a special train with luxurious appointments. The sleeping and saloon car for the Duke and Duchess was built at the Petone shops, Wellington, and is a fine specimen of good workmanship. The bedroom is a tastefully designed apartment with twin beds in oxidised silver, resting on a beige carpet. At each end of the bedroom are mirrored wardrobes and dressing tables harmonising with the mahogany panelled walls. Between the bedroom and the lounge were two apartments for the Earl and Countess of Cavan (theEarl is not mentioned in any online material, but must have accompanied the Duke as an aide de camp for which he was very suited) They have been provided with a bathroom which is a replica of that for the Duke and Duchess on a slightly smaller scale. The lounge is panelled in mahogany'; the Chesterfield and easy chairs are fitted with loose covers in sand, and there is a deep green carpet with curtains to match. Adjoining the saloon car, which has a curtained vestibule entrance, is the Royal dining car. Only half the space was used as a dining room, the remainder being fitted for carrying stores. This car has been converted from one of the main line dining cars, and accommodates 15 persons at three tables. The carpets and curtains are of a blue shade and the sides are in mahogany. The chairs are of the Chippendale period, with blue upholstery, while the furnishings include a sideboard with cellarettes. There were ten cars on the train and two of the A.B. class 4-6-2 engines were required to keep time over the heavy grades. Next to the engines was a baggage car and then a standard sleeping car for the personal staff. Next were two day cars and then two" de-luxe " sleepers, one of the compartments being fitted with a telephone connection to the engine drivers for use by the officer in charge of the train. The staff dining car and the Royal Dining Car were separated by the kitchen car, the .last car being the Royal Saloon. The exterior of the train was finished in red enamel, the Royal cars bearing the Duke's coat-of-arms. . The photographs reproduced on the facing page, had been sent by W. W. Stewart of Auckland. Royal Train on Parnell Bank near Auckland on way to Rotorura with two locomotives; Royal sleping and saloon car at Auckland; Royal Train at Auckland with two AB class Pacifics; four New Zealand Government Railways officials: Ewart, Chief Clerk, CME's office; J.F. Mackley, Chief Locomotive Engineer, North Island; F.C. Widdop, Chief Engineer and G.S. Lynde Chief Mechanical Engineer

The Alexandra Newport & South Wales Docks and Railway and its locomotives. 120-1. 3 illustrations
Continued from page 80. The earliest engines of the Alexandra Dock Co. were purchased from the L. & N.W. Ry. and numbered as follows:-
L.N.\\'. No. Date . at time of Makers. Date pur- disposal. Built. chased.

Of the above, all except No. 5 were originally tender engines which had been converted at Crewe works to saddle tanks between 1865 and 1870. The cylinders were 18 in. by 24 in., and the coupled wheels 5 ft. in diameter. Nos. I, 2, 3, 4 and 6 were all practically similar in appearance, and Fig. 1, which shows No. 2 Lord Tredegar, suffices to illustrate this class as fitted with the A.D. Company's standard chimney and cab of the period.
Nos. 1 and 2 were built by R. Stephenson & Co. (Nos. 624 and 625) in 1848 as Nos. 216 and 220 of the Southern Division of the L. & N.W. Ry..; No. 216 was renumbered 816 in 1862, and 1156 in 1864. It was rebuilt as a saddle tank in 1865, and finally renumbered 1805 in 1872. No. 220 became No. 820 in 1862, and No. 1199 in 1864. It was reconstructed as a saddle tank two years later, and carried the number 1807 from 1872.
No. 3, ordered for the Huddersfield and Manchester Ry., was delivered to the North Eastern Division, L.&N.W. Ry., but transferred to the Southern Division as No. 87. This engine was built by R. & W. Hawthorn (works No. 558) in 1847. Its number was changed to 687 in 1862 and to 1215 in 1863. It emerged from Crewe Works as a saddle tank in 1866, and finally became No. 1852 in 1872.
No. 4 was also a Hawthorn engine (works No. 709), built in 1849. It was at first No. 244 of the Southern Division, but became No. 844 in 1862; No. 1213 in 1863, and No. 1850 in 1872. It had been converted to a saddle tank in 1869.
No. 6, built by Sharp Bros. & Co.( No. 1011) in 1857, received the Southern Division No. 276, and was rebuilt as a saddle tank in 1870. Its number was changed to 1152 in 1871, and again to 1837 in 1874. This engine is recorded as having been sold to the Ebbw Vale Steel & Iron Co., but it very soon passed nto the hands of the Alexandra Dock Co.
These engines were displaced from 1898 onwards, but at least one was employed at the docks for some years later to supply steam to an air-compressing plant. Two were sold to the South Hetton Colliery Co., and as Nos. 8 and 9 are still at work, the former having been rebuilt as a side tank engine. No. 9, formerly No. 1, Sir George Elliot, of the Alexandra Dock Co., now carries the name Sir George. It was rebuilt in 1911; the leading coupled wheel centres being shortened 18 in., whilst a new saddle tank has been provided, this being taken from an engine now broken up.
Engine No. 5 J.C. Parkinson, was a double- framed 0-6-0 side tank, with a history of more than usual interest. Originally one of five engines (Nos. 34 to 38) built by the Worcester Engine Co. in 1868 for working the severely graded St. John's Wood section of the Metropolitan Ry. (varying from 1 in 27 to 1 in 80), it was found in practice to be too large to do the work economically. The five engines were therefore put aside for some years; one being sold in 1873 to the Sirhowy Ry. (on which line it was numbered 9) and the remainder to the Taff Vale Ry. When the Sirhowy Ry. was absorbed by the L. & N.W. Ry. in 1876, No. 9 was taken into the latter Company's stock as No. 2241, but very soon became No. 1891. It was sold in 1879 to the Alexandra Dock Co., who gave it the number 5, and the name, J.C. Parkinson. The original dimensions were-cylinders 20 in. dia., by 24 in. stroke, inclined at 1 in 8½. The valves were on top of the cylinders, and were actuated by rocking shafts and Allan's straight link motion. Diameter of wheels, 4 ft.; boiler, 11 ft. long and 4 ft. 3 in. in diameter. Heating surface, 1,132 ft² Working pressure, 130 lb. Grate area, 22¼ sq. ft. Wheelbase, 14 ft. Weight, 45 tons.
Whilst in possession of the Alexandra Dock Co. this engine was rebuilt twice and completed fifty-eight years of service with five different railways. In 1900, it was renumbered 7, and again in 1905 as 26. Fig. 2 shows the appearance of this engine after its first rebuilding in 1891, to the following dimensions :-Cylinders, 18 in. by 24 in.; diameter of wheels, 4 ft.; boiler, 12 ft. long and 4 ft. 5 in. in dia.; heating surface of tubes, 975 ft², and of firebox, 95 ft² Total, 1,070 ft² Working pressure,. 150 lb.; total weight, 46 tons 14 cwt. In 1921 the engine was again rebuilt by Hawthorn, Leslie & Co. As built the firing space on the footplate was rather small and in consequence the frames have been lengthened at the trailing end to accommodate a pair of radial carrying wheels, advantage of this being taken to increase the bunker capacity at the same time, and a new boiler with pop safety valves was also provided. Fig. 3 shows this, the oldest engine of the Alexandra Dock Co., at its amalgamation with the Great Western Ry. by whom it was numbered 663. The latest dimensions were:- Cylinders, 18 in. by 24 in. stroke; coupled wheels, 4 ft. dia.; radial wheels 3 ft. dia. Bunker, 145 cubic ft. capacity flush with coping. New boiler of the Belpaire type with steel inner firebox and provided with magnesia lagging; minimum, internal diameter of boiler, 4 ft. 1£ in.; length between tube-plates, 11 ft. 7 i in.; heating surface, 184 tubes of 1£ in. dia., 979 ft²; firebox, 95 ft², total, 1,074 ft² Grate area, 19.;3 ft² Working pressure, 180 lb. per sq. in. relieved by Ross pop safety valves. It was withdrawn from service in 1926. Continued page xxx

Blake Boiler, Wagon and Engineering Co., Ltd., Darlington. 121
The business of the Blake Boiler, Wagon and Engineering Co., Ltd., Darlington, has recently been taken over by the Metropolitan Railway Carriage, Wagon and Finance Co., Ltd., Birmingham. This follows upon the approval by the share- holders of the Darlington firm of the terms offered by the Metropolitan Company for the purchase of thelworks. The work at present in hand will be completed in about a month, when it is understood the business will be transferred to Birmingham. 'Fhe Metropolitan Carriage Company have negotiations in hand respecting the utilisation of the works, at Darlington.

Inness, R.H. (unattributed): Locomotive history of the Stockton & Darlington Railway, 1825-1876. 122-4.
Continued from page 404, Vol. 32. The Hackworth, No. 71, named after the first loco. superintendent of the S. & D. Ry., Timothy Hackworth, was a six-wheeled four-coupled inside cylinder passenger engine with outside bearings to all wheels, built by Wm. & Alf. Kitching, of Hopetown Foundry, Darlington, and delivered to the railway in March, 1851. The cylinders were .15 in. diameter by 20 in. stroke with transverse centres of 2'ft. 5 in. The driving and trailing wheels were 5 ft. 9 in. diameter and the leading wheels 3 ft. 6 in. The total wheelbase was 13 ft. 1¼ in., divided thus, centre of leading axle to centre of driving axle 6 ft. 2½ in., driving to trailing centres 6 ft. 10¾ in., The boiler barrel was about 9 ft. in length and had a dia. of 4 ft., the firebox was 4 ft. 3 in. long by 4 ft. 1¾ in. wide, the boiler carrying a working pressure of 120 psi. The tender ran upon six wheels with a diameter of 3 ft. 6 in. on a wheelbase of 9 ft. 11 in., divided as follows :-Leading to middle 5 ft. 0½ in., middle to trailing 4 ft. l0½ in. The capacity of the tender was 1,200 gallons of water and 3 tons of coal. The engine weighed, in working order, about 26 tons whilst the tender weighed about 16 tons, making the total weight of engine and tender 42 tons. The Hackworth was considerably rebuilt in the early 1860s and provided with new cylinders 17 in. dia. in place of the 15 in. ones originally fitted, the wheelbase between the driving and trailing wheels was increased to 7 ft. The feed pumps were placed in a rather peculiar position, i.e., below the frame in front of the trailing wheels and driven by an eccentric keyed on the trailing axle between the face of the axlebox and wheel boss. Fig. 38 shows the Hackworth as rebuilt, and renumbered 1071, and in the condition in which it ran until 1873, when withdrawn and scrapped.
As the mineral traffic on the old line continued to increase by leaps and bounds, more powerful engines capable of dealing with increased loads were in urgent demand and to meet this the loco. superintendent, Mr. Wm. Bouch, designed a six-wheels coupled mineral engine with inside cylinders. The first two of this type were No. 56 Shotley and No. 57 Towlaw, built by Gilkes, Wilson & Co., of Teeside Engine Works, Middlesbrough, the makers' Nos. were Nos. 30 and 31. The Shotley was delivered in January, 1852, and the Towlaw in March of the same year. The principal dimensions of these two engines were :-cylinders, 17 in. diameter. by 18 in. stroke, set at an inclination of 1 in 12, wheels 4 ft. diameter. upon a wheelbase of 12 ft. 7½in., divided thus—leading to driving centres 6 ft. 7½in., driving to trailing centres 6 ft. 0¼ in. The boiler had a diameter. of 4 ft. and a length of 13 ft., with the firebox over- hanging the trailing axle, the steam pressure was 100  psi. The tenders were of the six-wheeled type with wheels 3 ft. 6 in. diameter upon a wheelbase of 10ft. equally divided. The weight of these engines was 28 tons, whilst the tenders were 16 tons, making a total in working order of 44 tons. A powerful screw brake with blocks acting on either side of the wheels was fitted to the tender. These two engines proved themselves very capable in the handling of the heavy mineral traffic of the period, so much so, that the design with subsequent modifications, was the standard for mineral engines until the advent of the 5-£t. wheeled engines. The Shotley and Towlaw were renewed in 1866. Orders were given to Gilkes, Wilson and Co. for further engines of similar design to the preceding two, the names, numbers, dates of delivery, etc., are:-
Peel, No. 72  WN 33/1852
Aberdeen, No. 73 WN 34/1852
Emperor, No. 74 WN 39/1853
Baring, No. 75  WN 40/1853
Prince of Wales, No. 76  WN 46/1854
Alexander, No. 77  WN 47/1854
Victoria. No. 83  WN 54/1854
Albert No. 84  WN 55/1854
Hardinge , No. 85 WN 56/1854
Fig. 39 shows the Peel, No. 72, in original condition, it will be noticed that the "plug" wheels, which for so many years had been a characteristic of the mineral engines of the Stockton & Darlington Ry., had been abandoned in favour of the welded wrought-iron type. The cylinder dimensions were 17 in. dia. by 18 in. stroke, wheels 4 ft. 2½in. diameter. The wheelbase of the engines differed slightly; Nos. 72, 73 and 75 were—leading to driving 6 ft., driving to trailing 5 ft. 3 in., a total of 11 ft. 3 in. No. 74 had a wheelbase of 12 ft. 7½ in. divided thus :-Leading to driving 6 ft. 7 t in., driving to trailing 6 ft. In the case of Nos. 76, 77,83,84 and 85 the wheelbase was 11 ft. 8 in., spaced thus—Leading to driving 6 ft. 5 in., driving to trailing 5 ft. 3 in. The boiler was 4 ft. diameter, with a length of 13 ft. 6 in., built up of Lowmoor iron plates 3/8 in. thick, and was fitted with 158 2-in. diameter. Lowmoor iron tubes, the boiler had a steam pressure of 100 psi. The tenders were similar to those of Nos. 56 and 57, the weight of engine and tender in working order was 44 tons. The individual engines during the course of their existence underwent various renumberings, alterations and rebuilding. Fig. 40 shows the Peel as No. 1072, towards the latter end of her career after having been rebuilt at Shildon in 1872, when she was fitted with a new boiler and new cylinders 17 in. diameter by 24 in. stroke in place of the original 18-in. stroke ones. In the illustration it will be noticed that the feed pumps had been replaced by a pair of Friedmanri's No. 10 injectors fixed behind the footsteps, also an extra safety valve of the Adams type on the boiler barrel; this latter being fitted about the middle of the 1870s. The Aberdeen, No. 73, was reboilered in 1867 and the cylinders altered to 24 in. stroke. Fig. 41 shows the Aberdeen renumbered 2266, and as rebuilt in October, 1885, with a boiler and mountings of a design by a former North Eastern Ry. locomotive superintendent, A. MacDonnell.
The remaining engines of this series had new cylinders fitted with 24 in. stroke, with the exception of' the Albert," No. 84, in which case the stroke was 20 in. No. 76, the Prince of Wales, is vlorthy of note as being the first locomotive to be rebuilt at the then newly opened North Road Engine Works, Darlington, in 1864. In Fig. 42 the Albert, as No. 1708, is shown with a boiler and mountings fitted at Darlington in Feburary, 1891, during T.W. Worsdell's superintendence. The boiler dimensions were, dia. 4 ft. 3 in., length of barrel 13 ft. 6 in., firebox casing 4 ft. 8¾ in. long by 4 ft. wide, 165 tubes 2 in. dia. The total heating surface was 1,278.5 ft²., made up thus: tubes 1,186 ft²., firebox 92·5 ft², the grate area was 13.3 ft², the working pressure of these boilers was 140 psin. The weights, fitted with the Worsdell type of boilers, were considerably increased from the original, and at the last rebuilding the distributed weights were: leading 8 tons 16 cwt., driving 11 tons 16 cwt., trailing 13 tons 10 cwt., a total of 34 tons 2 cwt., the tender weight being 16 tons, thus making a total in working order of 50 tons 2 cwt. _ Herewith are given particulars of renumbering, reboilering, alteration to cylinders, rebuilding, scrapping, etc.

Illustrations: Fig. 38. 2-4-0 passenger engine, No. 1071, N.E. Ry., formerly No. 71, Hackworth, Stockton & Darlington Ry; Fig. 39. 0-6-0 mineral engine, No. 72, Peel, Stockton & Darlington Ry. Fig. 40. 0-6-0 rebuilt mineral engine, No. 1072, North Eastern Ry: (S. & D. Section).; Fig.41. rebuilt 0-6-0 mineral engine, No. 2266, N.E. Ry, formerly No. 73 Aberdeen ; Fig. 42. rebuilt 0-6-0 mineral engine No. 1708, N.E. Ry., formerly No. 84, Albert; Stockton & Darlington Ry..
Continued page 221

C.W. Brett. Electric welding in repairs to locomotives and rolling stock. 125. 2 illustrations

Gustav Reder. Locomotives of the Madrid, Zaragoza and Alicante Railway. 126-7. illustration
Toledo, in the presence of Queen Isabel H. and other members of the Royal Family. After the ceremony had been performed the Queen travelled by train to Aranjuez, the journey of 35 miles being accomplished in It hours.

Technical essays. No. X. On engine failures, their analysis and prevention.  127
Some of the most interesting work which falls to the lot of the running headquarters technical staff lies in the investigation of failures. Treatment of individual cases is in the first instance carried out by the district superintendent concerned, who issues a casualty sheet to headquarters; it is there crossed to the appropriate assistant, who uses his discretion as to whether it is to be filed or marked out for further enquiry. Failures, unfortunately, are always liable to occur, but the reduction of their number to the irreducible minimum depends largely on the way in which they are analysed, and the subsequent action taken, at headquarters.
The causes of failure may be primarily divided into four categories :-
(a) Wear and tear.
(b) Flawed or defective material.
(c) Material insufficiently strong to fulfil its required duties, and
(d) Mismanagement.
A succession of similar category (a) failures indicates the necessity of more frequent periodic shed examinations of the detail concerned. The minimisation of class (b) failures lies entirely with the mechanical staff, and may be achieved either by the enforcement of a more stringent specification, more rigorous inspection of material, and/or improved shops methods. Alleviation of category (c) failures likewise depends on the works side; these failures, occurring chiefly in new classes of engine, are almost entirely due to faulty design and may be remedied by the use of a more appropriate material, by stiffening the section of the member in question or by providing increased flexibility, as the case may require. If the trouble happens to be in a casting, a more gradual change of section or a slightly altered mixture may effect an improvement. Responsibility for class (d) failures devolves entirely upon the running department, and a recurrence of such casualties indicates either a fault in the system of training of staffs adopted, insufficient instruction or some mental limitation on the part of the individual men concerned. A classification such as the above enables one to review the position on broad lines and to decide whether or not the desired improvement in the efficiency of working necessitates a change in the general policy of administration or operation. These categories are, however, too comprehensive from a technical point of view to allow of complete analysis, and it will be necessary further to sub-divide all failures under headings such as are given below:-
1. Hot journal boxes and big ends.
2. Broken springs and gear.
3. Hot small ends, crank pins and subsidiary bearings.
4. General mechanical failures not included in the foregoing.
5. Tubes.
6. Stays.
7. General boiler work failures other than tubes and stays.
8. Continuous brake irregularities.
The actual classifications adopted will, of course, be dictated by the special conditions obtaining on the railway under consideration. Having docketed the information by some such method as is here indicated, it is then possible to graph the results, most conveniently on a monthly basis. For each class of engine, the number of failures under each sub-heading should be plotted against miles run, and also the total miles run per failure (of any description) for the class. As a summary, the number of failures under each category and also the total number of failures should be plotted against the miles run
(a) for each district, and
(b) for the complete railway.
On the face of it, the adoption of this system may appear to be somewhat complicated and unnecessary. Actually it involves but a few minutes' work every month, the results enabling one to see at a glance the weak spots in any given class of engine, the prevalence. of any particular type of failure, seasonal fluctuations of same (due, possibly, in the case of boiler failure to variations in the water used or in the case of hot bearings to variations in the viscosity of the lubricant with the atmospheric temperature), the relative efficiency of maintenance in each district, and lastly-this is the greatest advantage of all-whether, having instituted a change either of policy or method, the hoped-for improvement has been effected. Continued page 221

L.M.S. Ry., three-cylinder compound engines. 127
Re description of L.M.S. three-cylinder compound engines, given on page 72 it was stated that these engines can be worked as simple, semi-simple, or compound. It has been pointed out to us that this is misleading, as it is not intended that these engines shall normally be worked semi-compound. High-pressure steam is of course admitted to the low-pressure cylinders for starting purposes, but once the train has got well away, the regulator should be put over and the engine worked compound. It will be seen that the auxiliary steam supply is therefore provided merely as a starting device arid is not intended as a means of increasing the tractive effort when working on banks. As the article, as written, may give a wrong impression to those concerned in working the engines, we take this opportunity of removing any misapprehension.

Internal combustion shunting locomotive, Great Western Ry. 128-9. 3 illustrations
Supplied Motor Rail & Tram Car of Bedford.

New steel cars for French railways. 129-30. illustration
200 carriages built for PLM and State Railways to a standard design, but suited for various internal arrangements and conversion to ambulance cars.

Institution of Civil Engineers. 130
At a meeting of the Yorkshire Association of the above, held at Leeds on the 31 March M. Noel Ridley, member, contributed a paper on the Ridley combined frictionless road and rail bogie for broad and narrow gauge railways. The author advocated the use of vehicles for freight which would be transferable from road to rail and vice versa—the carrying wheels mounted in a pivotted bogie frame having wide flat surfaces suitable for running on the roads, whilst they would be guided, when on the rails, by small guiding wheels mounted on adjustable framing to be raised or lowered at will. Some very convincing figures were given connected with the cost of rail and road transport and the author has evidently prepared schemes worthy of careful consideration in these times of severe competition.

Centenary of the first French railway. 130
To celebrate the centenary of the first railway in France, the Paris, Lyons & Mediterranean Ry. Co. was placing a commemorative tablet in the station of Saint Etienne-Chateaucreux. The line, which was opened in 1827, connected Saint Etienne with Andrezieux, in the Department of the Loire. It was used for coal traffic only, from Saint Etienne to the Loire a distance of just over twelve miles. It was of standard gauge and single track. Horse traction was used until 1844, when steam engines were introduced, although steam power had been used on the Saint Etienne-Lyons Ry, much earlier (see March issue). Very little of the original line now remained, only one bndge, a platform, and the station at La Querilliere.

East Indian Ry. 130
A model has been prepared of a new Ill. class tourist car, suitable for wedding parties, etc. Accommodation to be provided for forty-two persons. One Ill. class and one" Intermediate" class car were to be built.

Southern Railway. 130
Whilst the Southern Railway was spending £100,000 in convertmg air brake to vacuum on the Brighton section the French Railways were proposing to spend £3,000,000 on fitting air brakes to goods stock.

Export orders. 130
Hunslet Engine Co., Ltd., received an order for six 4-6-0 tender engines for the Ceylon Government Rys. (5 ft. 6 m. gauge) from the Crown Agents for the Colonies. W.G. Bagnall, Ltd., were to build four 2-6-2 tank engines for the Burma Rys. (metre gauge) and four of the same type and gauge for the Bengal North Western Ry. Six Garratt locomotives were being built by Beyer, Peacock and Co. for the San Paulo Ry. of Brazil. This firm had also booked orders for three Garratt locomotives for the Burma Rys., 2-8-0+0-8-2 type, and three 2-8-2 tender locomotives for the Chilian Northern Ry., which is operated by the Autofagasta and Bolivia Ry. Co. The Mapperley Colliery Co. had ordered a four-wheeled shunting engine from Beyer, Peacock and Co.

Railway Club. 130
Debate to be held at the Club headquarters, on Monday, 25 Apnl, That the Groupmg of the Railways has not been beneficial. W.A. Willox, A.M.LC.E., will act as proposer and B.M. Bazley as opposer.

British locomotive builders, past and present. 130-2.
List with brief notes: is this what Lowe was based upon? Continued page 163. See also letter from Méchanicien
Since the earliest days of railways there have existed a number of private firms engaged in the manufacture and supply of locomotive engines, and the industry-as distinct from that carried on at the railway companies' own works-has always been in a very flourishing state. Previously to 1870, or thereabouts, it was the general custom for railways to purchase locomotives from an outside source to a much greater extent than the practice obtains to-day. Beyond specifying the type of engine required and laying down certain conditions, the companies left details very much in the hands of the manufacturers, and such an engine bore (apart from the maker's name-plate) the distinct stamp of its origin. Thus it became usual to describe it as a "Sharp," a "Stephenson," or a "Beyer, Peacock," rather than that of the railway to which the engine belonged. Whilst many private firms known to past generations are still going concerns, a number, equally famous, have long ceased to exist, but others have sprung up to take the place of the latter, and to-day competition is severe, not only for supplying home railways but also the Colonial and foreign markets. In the home trade, private makers compete not only with each other, but with the larger railways, the majority of which are normally in the position of being able to build all they require in their own shops. In addition to the railway su~' there is always a demand for locomotives from collieries, ironworks, contractors, and other industrial under- takings, and the business has now reached to con- siderable proportions.
Appended it a list, alphabetically arranged, of firms, past and present. Many are very little known, and some have built only one or two locomotives, but. so far as we know, all are included. Where particulars are available, extended reference is made to individual firms. N.B.--An asterisk (*) denotes either that the firm is defunct, or no longer engages in the locomotive building trade.
*Abbott & Co. Built for the York & North Midland Ry.
*W. B. Adarns, Fairfield Works, Bow, London. Specialised in "light" locomotives.
*D. Adamson & Co., Dukinfield. Tank engines.
*Airdrie Iron Co., Airdrie. Industrial locomotives.
Arrnstrong, Whitworth & Co., Scotswood Works. Built about fifty engines between 1847 and 1864, and resumed construction in 1919.
Aveling & Porter, Rochester. Specialise in road rollers, but have made a few similar engines adapted for use on the railway.
Avonside Engine Co., Bristol. Originally established under the name of Henry Stothert & Co. (which see). Some 2,000 engines have been built to date.
W. G. Bagnall Ltd., Castle Engine Works, Stafford. Out- put, over 2,000 engines. Baguley (Engineers) Ltd., Burton-on-Trent. Narrow gauge locomotives.
*Archibald Baird & Co., Hamilton.
*J. Banks. Built for the Birmingham and Gloucester and Liverpool and Manchester Rys,
Andrew Barclay, Sons & Co., Caledonia Wks., Kilmarnock. Output, over 2,000 locomotives. .
*Barr & McNab, Paisley. Built for the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Ry.
*Barr, Morrison & Co., Kilmarnock.
*Barrow & Co. Built for the York & North Midland Ry.
Bassett-Lowke, Northampton. Specialise in 15-in. gauge locomotives for miniature railways.
William Beardmore & Co., Dalmuir. Commenced construction of locomotives in 1919.
Beyer, Peacock & Co., Gorton Foundry, Manchester. Founded in 1854, this firm's output exceeds 6,200 locomotives to date.
*Bingley & Co. Built for the Sheffield & Rotherham Ry.
*Black, Hawthorn & Co., Gateshead. Succeeded J. Coulthard & Son, and built about 1,100 engines between 1864 and 1896. In the latter year the business was sold to Chapman & Furneaux (which see).
*Blair & Co., Stockton. Built for the Londonderry Ry.
*J. G. Bodmer, Manchester. Built for the London and Brighton and South Eastern Rys.
*Isaac Watt Boulton, Ashton-under-Lyne. Built locomo- tives for hiring. See "The Chronicles of Boulton's Siding," which have just been published in book form.
*John Braithwaite & Co., New Road (now Marylebone Road), In partnership with Ericsson built the "Novelty," which took part in the Rainhill trials, 1829. In 1836 became Braithwaite, Milner & Co., and built locomotives for various railways.
British Thomson-Houston Co., Rugby. Builders of electric locomotives.
*Peter Brotherhood, Chippenham. Wound up about 1875.
*Edward Bury, Clarence Foundry, Liverpool. Established 1829. Afterwards Bury, Curtis & Kennedy. Defunct since 1850.
*Butterley Ironworks, Butterley. Built for the Midland Counties Ry..;
*Caird & Co., Greenock. Built for the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Ry.
*J. & C. Carrnichael, Dundee. Built two locomotives for the Dundee and N ewtyle Ry.
*Alexander Chaplin & Co., Cranstonhill Engine Works, Glasgow. Specialised in shunting engines having vertical boilers and cylinders.
*Chapman & Furneaux, Gateshead. Acquired the business of Black, Hawthorn & Co. in 1896 and constructed about seventy engines to 1901, when the partnership was dissolved.
*Clyde Locomotive Works, Glasgow. Founded in 1886, this firm had a separate existence of only two years, for in 1888 it was taken over by Sharp, Stewart & Co., who removed thence from Manchester.
*Cochrane, Grove & Co., North Orrnesby, Middlesbrough. Built tank engines with vertical boilers and cylinders.
*John Coulthard & Son, Gateshead. Built about 100 engines from 1835 to 1856, when they failed. The works were subsequently taken over in 1864 by Black, Hawthorn and Co. (which see).
Crompton & Co., Chelmsford. Built most of the electric locomotives of the City & South London Ry., 1897-1901.
*Cross & Co., Sutton Engine Works, St. Helens. Built for the Saint Helens, Anglesea Central, Neath and Brecon and other railways.
*J. Crowley & Co., Kelham Ironworks, Sheffield.
Davey, Paxman & Co. Ltd., Standard Ironworks, Colchester. Built for narrow gauge railways.
*Davies & Metcalfe, Manchester. Built two engines for the Vale of Rheidol Ry. in 1902.
*Davy Bros., Brightside, Sheffield. Built for the Sheffield and Rotherham Ry.
*W. Dean. Built for the Bolton & Leigh Ry.
*Deptford Iron Co. Built for the Hartlepool Docks and Railway.
*De Winton & Co., Carnarvon. Built tank engines with vertical boilers and cylinders, 1870-1876.
*Dick, Kerr & Co., Preston. Narrow gauge locomotives.
*Dodds & Son, Holmes Engine Works, Rotherham. Built about seventy engines between 1850 and 1867, when they failed.
Alfred Dodman, Highgate Works, King's Lynn. Specialise in showmen's and agricultural engines.
Drewry Car Co. Ltd., Burton-on-Trent. Makers of internal combustion locomotives, inspection cars, etc.
D. Drummond & Son, Glasgow Railway Engineering Co., Govan. Built rail motors for the Alexandra Docks and Railway.
Dubs & Co., Glasgow Locomotive Works. Established in 1864 by Henry Dübs, formerly works manager of Neilson and Co. Amalgamated in 1903 with Sharp, Stewart and Co., and N eilson, Reid and Co., under the title of the North British Locomotive Co. (which see).
*Thos. Edington & Sons, Glasgow. Built for the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Ry.
Electric Construction Co., Wolverhampton. Built an electric locomotive for the City & South London Ry. in 1898.
*George England & Co., Hatcham Ironworks, London. Established in 1839 and built about 250 engines, including the first of the pioneer narrow gauge (Festiniog) railway. Firm wound up in September, 1869, and taken over by the Fairlie Engine and Steam Carriage Co. (which see).
*W. Fairbairn & Sons, Canal St. Works, Manchester. Founded in 1817 and then known as Fairbairn & Lit1ie. Output approximately 400 engines between 1839 and 1862.
*Fairlie Engine and Steam Carriage Co. Acquired the business of George England & Co. in September, 1869. Specialised in double bogie locomotives.
*Fawcett, Preston & Co. Built for the East Lancashire Ry.
*Fenton, Murray & Jackson, Leeds. Founded by Matthew Murray, who constructed Blenkinsopp's rack rail engine in 1812. Became Fenton, Murray & Jackson in 1830. Works closed about 1843.
*George Forrester & Co., Vauxhall Foundry, Liverpool. Built for several early railways.
*Fossick & Hackworth, Stockton. Afterwards Fossick and Blair. Built about 120 engines.
*Foster, Rastrick & Co., Stourbridge. Built the Stourbridge Lion, the first engine for America (1828), and the Agenoria, for the Shutt End Ry, (1829).
John Fowler & Co. (Leeds) Ltd., Engineers, Leeds. Built a large number of locomotives for various railways. Specialise in narrow gauge steam and internal combustion locomotives, also traction engines, etc. Output, over 16,000 machines of all classes.
*Fox, Walker & Co., Bristol. Existed from 1862 to 1880, when the firm was taken over by Peckett & Sons (which see). During the period named about 350 engines were built. .
*Galloway, Borrnan & Co., Manchester. Built an engine for the Liverpool & Manchester Ry.
*Garforth & Co., Manchester. Built for the M.S. & L. Ry.
*Gilkes, Wilson & Co., Teeside Iron and Engine.; Co., Middlesbrough. Established 1844; afterwards Hopkins, Gilkes & Co. Built about 350 engines before being wound up in 1880.
*Grange Iron Co., Durham. Built a few engines for collieries and ironworks.
*Grant, Ritchie & Co., Townholme Engine Works, Kilmarnock.
*W. Grant & Co., Belfast. Built for the Cavehill and Whitwell Tramway, 1886-7.
*Thomas Green & Son, Smithfield Ironworks, Leeds. Have built tank engines and tramway engines. .
*Grendon & Mackay, Drogheda Ironworks, Drogheda. Built for Irish Rys.
*Timothy Hackworth, Soho Works, Shildon. Premises are now used by North Eastern Ry. as gasworks.
*John Hague, London. Built ior the Stockton & Darlington Railway.
*Haigh Foundry, Wigan. Established 1810 and built 114 engines from 1835 to 1856, when the works closed.
*Hartlepool Iron Co. Built for the Hartlepool Jn. Docks and Rv.
*John Harris, Albert Hill Foundry, Darlington. Built some twenty engines previously to 1870 and then taken over by C. E. Lister.
*Hawkes & Thompson (afterwarrls Thompson Bros.), Wylam-on-Tyne. Built for the Newcastle & Carlisle Ry.
R. & W. Hawthorn, Leslie & Co., Forth Banks Works, Newcastle. Established in 1817 as R. & W. Hawthorn and Co. Amalgamated with A Leslie & Co. (Shipbuilders), of Hebburn, in 1886, and took the present title. Over 3,000 engines have been built to date.
*Hawthorns, Leith. Was an undertaking separate from the last named. The works were mostly devoted to shipbuilding, but locomotives were also built from about 1846 to 1866.
*Headley Bros., Eagle Foundry, Cambridge. Afterwards Headley & Edwards. Built a locomotive for the Eastern Counties Ry. .
*Head, Wrightson & Co., Thornaby-on-Tees. Built tank engines with vertical boilers, 1870-1880.
*Heron & Wilkinson.
*Benjamin Hick & Son. Started Soho Ironworks Bolton in 1832, and constructed locomotives from 1837' to 1855; then became Hick, Hargreaves & Co., and ceased building locomotives.
*Hopper, Britannia Foundry, Fencehouses. Industrial locomotives.
*A. Horlock, Northfleet Ironworks, Kent. Built for the Dinorwic Slate Quarries.
*Horseley Iron Co., Tipton, Staffs. Built for the St. Helens Ry.
R. Hudson Ltd., Gildersome Foundry, Leeds.
Hudswell & Clarke, Railway Foundry, Leeds. Afterwards Hudswell, Clarke & Rodgers, and now Hudswell, Clarke and Co. Established in 1860, this firm has built about 1,300 engines to date.
*Henry Hughes & Co., Falcon Works, Loughborough. This firm became known as the Falcon Engine Co. in 1880, and took its present title of the Brush Electrical Engineering Co. in 1899. Built tank and tender engines and also tramway engines. (To be continued).

The manufacture, heat treatment, and testing of locomotive axles. 132-3. 4 illustrations (micrographs)
The final stage in the manufacture of an axle is its testing. The common tests are the tupping, the tenslle and the bend tests. The tupping test is sufficiently well known to need little further comment. The fact that the number of blows, the height of the blows, and the amount of bend so produced all vary in different specifications suggests that there is some variation of opinion as to what is actually required. Before an axle will bend under such a test it has to be stressed beyond the yield point of the material. To some extent, therefore, an axle with a high yield point will not give as much bend as will an axle with a low yield point. It has been said that an oil-quenched and tempered axle is better than a normalised one chiefly for the reason that its yield to break ratio is superior. This suggests that the tupping test is not an entirely happy one, but the consideration as to whether an axle is better which will bend permanently rather than bend and spring back is one which is the subject of considerable controversy and difference of opinion. In the writer's opinion, a test which places inferiority on a part with a high-to-break ratio is unfair from this particular point of view. Considerable trouble is oft-times caused by the breaking of an axle, which appears to be entirely sound and gives excellent tensile and other tests, during the tupping test. It is often difficult to assign a reason for the failure, but it is suggested that in the very great majority of cases the cause of the trouble can be ascertained.

Recent accidents. 134-5.

S.R.
12 October 1927: 13.15 Charing Cross to Ramsgate partially derailed at facing points 350 yards west of Waterloo Junction: track had recently been fitted with track circuiting and power signals & points and Major Hall attributed derailment to a signalman moving point lever
15 November 1927: freight had left Fawley at 15.15 and 0-4-2 No. 605 running tender-first ran into private motor car at Frost Lane level crossing en route to Hythe: accident due to car driver

LMSR
19 November 1927: 10.00 express passenger York to Bristol hauled by 4-4-0 No. 387 struck derailed wagons in trains on adjacent tracks. leading to the deaths of nine pssengers and serious injuries to two others. Col. Pringle attributed the accident to the collapse of Hickleton Colliery wagon No. 1264 and Pringle recommended tighter scrutiny of such wagons.
24 November 1927: 18.17 Fenchurch Street to Shoeburyness ran into rear of 18.07 Fenchurch Street to Southend at Gale Street Halt in fog due to the crew failing to observe signals: Hall recommended automatic train control.

LNER
25 November 1927: 13.17 Leeds to King's Cross ran into rear of 10.00 express from Edinburgh at Finsbury Park in thick fog due to conflicting signal given by porter at Harringay and by a fogman. Pringle recommended automatic train control.
13 December 1927: Orgreaves at about 05.34 a miners' train from Sheffield ran into the debris of two freight trains which had collided. Injuries do not appear to have been severe.

Reviews. 135

Mechanics applied to engineering, John Goodman, London: Longmans, Green & Co. Two Vols.
This standard work on Mechanics now reaches its ninth edition and includes a supplemental volume in which a considerable number of worked examples are given to illustrate and elucidate the author's calculations and solutions of problems. Needless to say both volumes are amply supplied with diagrams and sketches. In the chapter on the dynamics of the steam engine, the various stresses and strains set up in different types of locomotives are clearly illustrated and discussed. In other sections of the work, varied matter appertaining to all other classes of mechanical engineering is dealt with in the author's usual comprehensive manner making these volumes of more than ordinary value, not only to students but to all those engaged in the design, specification and construction of machinery and prime movers.

Les ecartements des voies de chemins de fer. Lionel Wiener. Brussels: Imprimerie F. van Buggenhoudt, London: Locomotive Publishing Co., Ltd.
The author of this book is well known as a writer on railway subjects, and is a lecturer at the University of Brussels. This volume deals, firstly, with the various factors which govern the lay-out and operation of railways in new territories. Later sections cover a study of the rolling stock, designs appropriate to meet the conditions imposed by either restricted gauges or heavy gradients. In connection with the latter phase attention is given to the question of electric working. Attention is given to the transport of broad gauge stock over narrow gauge lines, and the various methods of working railways of mixed gauges. The numerous illustrations include a set of loading gauges for railways of Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, France, Norway, Argentine Republic, the American standard, and the composite gauge laid down by the Berne Conference. The subject is interestingly dealt with, and the work will be most useful for reference by designers, engineers, and others.

Rack railways—Abt system. 135
Published by the Swiss Locomotive & Machine Works of  Winterthur, this very interesting and well produced booklet describes the construction of the rack railway and locomotives used on the Abt system. This system is employed on the Snowdon Mountain Railway, the only rack railway in the British Isles. A list of the rack railways equipped by the Swiss Locomotive Co. since 1884, includes seventy lines in all parts of the world. A special feature of the Abt system of construction is the adoption of two, or three, parallel rack bars with staggered teeth to ensure quiet running on rack lines at comparatively high speed without undue vibration. In 1903 the Swiss Company solved the problem of a combined rack and adhesion locomotive for a gauge of 60 cm., and the solution of this problem was found in arranging the rack and adhesion cylinders above each other outside the frame. The two lower ones are used to drive the adhesion mechanism and the upper ones the rack gear. On the adhesion sections the two lower cylinders work alone in parallel, whereas on the rack section all the four cylinders are working compound.

Automatic vacuum brake on long freight trains. Celer-Et-Audax.
During November, 1926, the East Indian Railway commenced to use the vacuum brake throughout on long freight trains of sixty vehicles. The orders also contain a schedule of the number of wagons required to be fully braked and the number of inches of vacuum that must be carried, which varies with the load and with the number of active vacuum-braked vehicles on the train. At the last meeting of the Asansol Lecture and Debating Society the matter was discussed and the value of the brake power provided by the schedule debated before a well-attended meeting of members, which contained a large percentage of enginemen actually engaged in the working of trains under the conditions which have been recently introduced, and also of the carriage and wagon supervising staff, on whom a large amount of work has fallen, and upon whom the success or non-success of the experiment greatly depends.
The discussion was prolonged and lively, and the consensus of opinion was that the effective brake power provided by very low vacuum such as 8 or 10 in. was negligible, and that it was inadvisable to carry or work with less than 15 in. of vacuum on long freight trains. 15 in. was considered comparatively low vacuum in the circumstances. Tt was admitted that a smoother stop could be made with a long train with 15 or 16 in. of vacuum than can be made with a high vacuum of 20 in. to 22 in. It was the general opinion that as time goes on the stock maintenance will become better and better every day, and will begin to retnrn by accelerated service and safety some portion of its cost. It is true that the brake is costly but accidents are more costly, and the cost of maintenance will steadily diminish as these brakes are kept in continual use. It is not use that wears the fittings, it is the heavy unreasonable damage that is done when the brake is not in use. When all are working just where the damage is being done to the fittings will hecome known.

Obituary. 135-6

Alfred John Hill, C.B.E, J.P.
Last chief mechanical engineer of the Great Eastern Ry., died on 14 March., somewhat suddenly at Bexhill, where he had gone to reside since his retirement. He was a son of the late Mr. Thos. Hill, of Peterborough, and was aged 64. He commenced his apprenticeship at the Stratford Works in 1877, and was promoted to the drawing office in 1882, when he gained a Whitworth Scholarship. He became works manager in January 1899, and after a short period as acting locomotive superintendent, was appointed head of the Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon department in November, 1912. Under the rearrangement of the mechanical and running departments in April, 1915, Hill became chief mechanical engineer, from which position he retired in March, 1923. He took a very keen interest in railway ambulance work; was instrumental in the adoption of systematic ambulance training for the staff, and for many years acted as honorary secretary in connection with the Ambulance Corps all over the G.E. svstem. He was a student, became a teacher at the Mechanics' Institution at Stratford, and acted as chairman of the committee foe twelve years. During WW1 Hill was chairman of the Southern group of railways for the purpose of manufacture of munitions and also represented the whole of the railways of the country on the Priority branch of the Ministry of Munitions, In 1917, he went to America for the Government in connection with the supply of materials urgently required by the railways. Hill was awarded the C.B.E. for war services. He was appointed J.P. for the County Borough of West Ham in 1920, and acted as chairman of the Carriage and Wagon Superintendents meetings at the Railway Clearing House for three and a half years ending March, 1923. He was a member of the lnstitution of Mechanical Engineers and also the Institution of Civil Engineers, and contributed papers to the latter institution on "The use of cast steel in locomotives," and the "Repairs and renewals of railway rolling stock." For the first he received the Miller prize and for the second a Watt medal and Crampton prize and Telford premium. He was president of the Institution of Locomotive Engineers for two years, 1914-1915, and a resolution of regret was passed at the last meeting, all the members standing. He was a very keen all-round sportsman and for many years had been a golf enthusiast.

Everard R. Calthrop. 136
Died on 29 March: the engineer of several narrow gauge light railways. In this country he was responsible for the 2-ft. 6-in. gauge Leek and Manifold Valley line from Waterhouses to Hulme End; he also acted as consulting engineer to the very successful Barsi Light Ry. in the Deccan, India, and also the Bridgetown and St. Andrews Ry. in Barbados. Calthrop acted as district locomotive superintendent of the Great Indian Peninsula Ry. for some time under R.L. Trevithick. He designed and patented a special arrangement of swivelling head for the Jones' centre buffer coupler, which is used on the Lynton and Barnstaple narrow gauge line. Another of his inventions was the "Transportation wagon" used on the Leek & Manifold line for carrying standard gauge wagons over the narrow gauge line without breaking bulk. Calthrop was well known as a breeder of Arab horses and was the author of The Horse as Man's Companion and Friend. He was also the patentee of the "Guardian Angel" parachute, which was used in large numbers by the Allies d WW1.

F. Achard. Some notes on early Dutch locomotives. 136
In a series of articles contributed in the Locomotive Mag. for 1920, Mr. Derens, Utrecht, gave a very interestmg history of the locomotives of the former Dutch-Rhenish Ry. These articles contained, however, very little information on the first locomotives of both the Holland Railway Co., opened on  20 September 1839, and of the Rhenish Railway (Amsterdam-Utrecht-Arnheim), opened on 28 December 1843.
Rhenish  Railway (Ryn Spoorweg).
It is already known that this railway was built to broad-gauge of 6 ft. 43/8 in. This decision was taken on account of the exceedingly bad quality of the ground, which being turfy was feared to give an insufficient base to an ordinary narrow-gauge. The building of the line caused very heavy expense, the wood for the longitudinal and transverse sleepers being purchased from as far as Poland; and part of the earth works, on many miles, resting on fascines, to avoid sinking of the way, which. however attained, at places, 4 and sometimes even 13 feet. The railway was single track throughout, except on a length of about 12 miles in all. The Rhenish Railway Co. possessed, in 1843, ten locomotives: six built by Sharp, Roberts & Co., Manchester, four built by a Dutch firm in Amsterdam. They had all six wheels, with 5-ft. driving wheels. At the same date, six more locomotives were ordered from Van Vlissingen & Co., Amsterdam, to be built according to the New Patent System of Stephenson. There were seventy carriages both for passengers and goods, all six-wheeled. Seventy more were ordered to be delivered in 1844.
Holland Railway Co.
This company operated 1844 the line from Amsterdam to the Hague (about 38 miles). Mr. Derens states the gauge adopted was also the broad gauge. Although this may be, there is no evidence of it in the old papers. The table below gives the list of the first locomotives of the Railway.
The locomotive No. 1 Snelheid was illustrated in Volume 26 page 40. Mention was made at the meeting of the shareholders, which was held on Dec. 27th, 1843, of the three Stephenson new paten t engines (Nos. 7, 8 and 13), which gave full satisfaction. The Company had its~n works at Haarlem, for the main- tenance of the rolling WI!'!'lck. The latter comprised on Dec. 31st, 1844, 121 vehicles, viz.: fifteen first-class carriages, twenty-two second-class carriages, fifty-three third-class carriages, six luggage wagons, ten cattle wagons, three horse wagons, twelve goods wagons.

No. 417 (14 May 1927)

London, Midland & Scottish Railway 10 a.m. Scotch Express near Oxenholme. 137 + sepia photographic plate
Hauled by Hughes 4-cylinder 4-6-0. See also 222

Superheater goods locomotives—London, Midland & Scottish Railway. 137-8. illustration.
One of 25 built by Andrew Barclay: No. 4357 illustrated

4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratt locomotive. Benguella Railway. 138-9. illustration, diagram (side elevation)
One of six built by Beyer Peacock & Co.

Narrow gauge petrol locomotive, Buenos Aires Great Southern Ry. 140-1. illustration, diagram (side & end elevations & plan)
For working agricultural traffic on 60cm lines supplied by Drewry Car Co. Ltd

Marc Seguin's tubular boiler. 141
Abstract of significant Newcomen Society paper (7-97)

Recent narrow gauge tank locomotives. 142-3. 3 illustrations.
2ft 8in gauge 0-4-2ST supplied by Peckett for Dorset china clay line (very low boiler); 3ft gauge 0-4-0 Jean, and 2ft 6in 0-4-0 Cranmore for Australian gas works.

Electric locomotives for Chili. 143. illustration
British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd of Rugby manufactured three 500 volts DC overhead transmission electric shunting locomotives for Nitrate Mines in Chile.

Technical essays. No. XI. On design ratios. 143-4
Cylinder dimensions, grate areas, heating surfaces and superheating and their relationship to locomotive performance

E.C. Poultney. A high pressure compouind locomotive. 144-7. illustration, 3 diagrams
4-10-2 built by Baldwin Locomotive Co. and exhibited at the Annual Convention of the American Railroad Association at Atlantic City: No. 60,000

Model of Stephenson's "Killingworth" locomotive. 147-8. illustration
Made by Twining Models Ltd of Northampton for Science Museum. See letter from Robert Young on p. 203

The Institution of Locomotive Engineers. 148-9. diagram
Short abstract of J.C. Metcalfe paper on exhust steam injector.

New steam rail auto-car, L. & N.E. Ry.. 149-50. 2 illustrations.
Sentinel Waggon Works Ltd. Includes details of test running in the Whitby area. Livery was imitation teak with lots of lining; seating moquette with red and black pattern on buff background. Steam railcar

New 15 in. gauge 4-8-2 type locomotive. Romney, Hythe & Dymchurch Railway. 150-1. illustration
Davey, Paxman & Co. of Colchester supplied to requirements of Captain J.E.P. Howey for 15 inch gauge line to be named Hercules and Samson: full dimensions tabulated.

The Deli Railway, Sumatra. 151-2. 2 illustrations.
Medan to Deli: 3ft 6in gauge: 2-6-4T illustrated and interior of first class coach The railway had. improved the life of the Europeans since it removed much of the isolation and provided quite another aspect on life for the planters. The provision of victuals formerly gave great difficulties, also the absence of medical help in case of epidemics. In February and July, 1900, a concession was given for two new lines and the capital of the Company was increased . About this period other industries were developing, among which rubber and petroleum were the leading ones, and in consequence a further extension of the railway system was taken in hand with energy, more especially by the making of tramways of which some 30 miles were laid. In 1903 and 1904 the railway was extended to the petroleum centre at Pangkalan Brandan. Further extensions to the east and south were made till in 1907 the railway had a total length of 162 miles. The harbour at Poeloe Belawan, which had been gradually extended, next required complete rebuilding, and this was completed finally in 1909. From 1914 onward the main line between Belawan and Medan was double tracked and several tram lines were converted to railways. An important event was the connecting of the Deli system with the Atjeh railway in 1918. With these considerable extensions and the growing density of traffic the rolling stock of the Company had, during its now more than forty years existence, been completely revised and the repair works have received considerable extension. Primarily they were situated at Medan, but owing to the growth of that town it became necessary to find a more fitting site which was found at Poeloe Brayan .
The housing question for the numerous native and European employees was solved by the building of some two hundred houses, each surrounded by a small garden, and all equipped with every possible requirement with regard to hygiene; a hospital has also been provided. The total number of employees had grown to nearly 300 Europeans and 4,000 native workmen. To commemorate the 25th year of working in 1908 a superannuation fund was founded for the employees and workmen. A telephone service was inaugurated in 1888, and this is available also for use by the general-public : there are now twenty-one offices spread all over the country. The Deli Railway Co. works also an auto-car service to the Karo plateau, which has developed to a daily passenger and goods service. Until 1913 tank locomotives of the 0-4-4 type worked all the traffic, but at this date a number of 0-6-4 engines were put into service. A further development is the 2-6-4 engine shown at the head of the train in the accompanying illustration. A number of these locomotives were built at Amsterdam in 1916 for the passenger service. Wood is the fuel, but the species used has a high calorific value. For goods traffic tank engines of the 2-8-4 type were put into service in 1917.

L.M. & S. Ry. 152
At Horwich Works new 2-6-0 mixed traffic engines up to No. 13019 had been completed. Four others were in an advanced state. These engines had two distinct power classifications affixed to the cab sides -5P. for passenger working and 4G. for goods. Two of the 4-4-2 tender engines of the former L. & Y. Ry., Nos. 702 and 1395, had been scrapped, and the remainder of this class and also the 0-8-0 goods would be withdrawn when requiring new boilers. All the 0-8-0 compounds of the L. & Y. had gone, including No. 1452, which was originally simple. The five unrebuilt 4-6-0 tender engines (Class 5) had also been withdrawn, Nos. 1507, 1508, 1512, 1513 and 1515 (these were to have been L.M.S. Nos. 10400-4). During 1926 the last of the'L. & Y. 2-6-2 tanks were finally withdrawn. Only two of the 0-8-2 tanks remained, Nos. 1502 and 1504. The rebuilt 7 ft. 3 in. 4-4-0s Nos. 455, 1098, 1104, 1105, 1110 and 1112 were also among recent withdrawals.

The Alexandra (Newport & South Wales) Docks & Railway and its locomotives. 153-6.  6 illustrations, diagram, table
Locomotive No. 7 Pontypridd (illustrated) was an 0-6-2T, originally a long boiler tender engine of the Southern Division, LNWR, built by Sharp Bros in 1848 and converted to an 0-6-0ST at Crewe in 1865. It was fitted experimentally with a radial axle device in 1878. E. Stephenson & Co. delivered a small 0-6-0ST of their standard desin and this became No.8 Aberdare Valley (Fig. 5 drawing). In December 1882  two former LBSCR enginess were purchased and given numbers 9 and 10/ The former was named Caerphilly and was used on the Newport to Pontypridd passenger trains. Engine No. 11 was acquired in August 1883: built by Beyer Peacock in about 1873 as an 0-4-2ST but converted to 0-6-0ST before coming to Newport: had been emplyed on construction of Mex Harbour in Alexandria. R. & W. Hawthorn.WN 1977 and 1976 of 1884  became Nos. 12 and 13 {latter illustrated). Another former LBSCR locomotive was obtailed in September 1885: a double framed wing tank given the number 14: illustrated in Volume 16. Details of Numbers 12 to 21 (minus No. 14) and 2-5 are tabulated. They were all 0-6-0ST and the makers and Works Numbers are listed below
Nos. 11 and 12: Hawthorn & Co.: 1977-6/1884
No. 15: R. Stephenson & Co.: 2555/1885
Nos. 16 and 17: Hawthorn Leslie & Co.: 2146-7/1889
No. 18: Peckett & Sons: 497/1890
No. 19: Peckett & Sons: 450/1886
Nos. 10 and 21: R. Stephenson & Co.: 2815-2815/1894
Nos. 1 and 2: R. Stephenson & Co.: 2893-4/1898
Nos. 3 and 4: R. Stephenson & Co.: 2978-9/1900
No. 5: R. Stephenson & Co.: 3003/1900.
In 1904 and 1905 two steam rail motors (railcars) were supplied by the Glasgow Railway Engineering Co. for the passenger service between Pontypridd and Caerphilly.

The Kitson-still internal combustion locomotive. 156
A very full attendance marked the meeting of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers on  8 April when a paper was read by Lt.-Col. Kitson Clark on Internal-combustion locomotives, in which a full description of the above engine was given. Several eminent designers of locomotives were present, and showed keen interest in the author's discourse and afterwards took part in an interesting discussion.
The great possibilities in fuel economy with internal-combustion engines as compared with the consumption of the ordinary steam locomotive were emphasised in his opening remarks, after which the author proceeded to describe and illustrate the Still system of combining a steam and internal-combustion arrangement with its development and application in the Kitson-Still locomotive now approaching completion at Leeds.
Such an engine was illustrated in Locomotive Mag. for December 1923, and the drawing then given shows in outline the principle and constructional details which have been followed in the engine being built. Col. Kitson Clark enumerated some of the troubles the designers had met and gave very interesting details of experiments made to counteract some of these. That the problem of producing an internal-combustion locomotive which shall satisfactorily answer all the exacting conditions of railway service is a difficult one must be conceded, although in the Kitson-Still combination there are very promising elements deserving equal acknowledgment.
Briefly, in the arrangement under notice, the internal-combustion portion of the machine is to be used for the actual haulage of the train whilst the steam part is to be utilised for starting, shunting, operating the brakes, etc. The latter relies for its generation of steam on the waste heat from the cylinders of the internal-combustion engine, etc., augmented during periods of standing by an oil-fired 'furnace (see drawing referred to, page 356, Vol. 29).
The Vice-President of the Institution (R.W. Allen), who occupied the chair, in the unavoidable absence of the President, congratulated Col. Kitson Clark on his admirable paper, and remarked that it was that Institution under the presidency of the immortal Robert Stephenson which had had so much to do with the early development of the steam locomotive, and it was only right that it should now meet to discuss the inception of a new and promising rival. Sir Holbery Mensforth, K.C.B., having commented on some experiences with internal-combustion engines other than locomotives, and Dr. Hele-Shaw and Mr. Twinberrow having spoken, the latter criticising the "drive" adopted in the Still engine, Capt. Beames, of the L.M.S. Ry., narrated some of the deductions he had made when investigating the Still system as proposed for application to locomotives. He considered there was a lack of accessibility to the working parts in the closed up arrangement adopted for the engine, and further, he doubted the capacity of the steam boiler provided to fulfil all the wants which would probably be met with in service. H.N. Gresley, of the L. & N.E. Ry., said he had been much interested in an inspection of the test plant installed at Leeds to demonstrate the working possibilities of the Kitson-Still locomotive, and congratulated the author of the paper on his courage to embody his proposals in an actual engine; he wished the experiment every success.  Clayton, of the Southern Ry., also added his tribute to the enterprise of the builders, and hoped some practical results would be secured; he considered the effort discounted the allegation, often made, that British engineers were indifferent to progress.

Early Great Western standard gauge engines, Llynvi & Ogmore Ry. supplementary notes. 156-7. illustration, diagram
0-6-0ST supplied by Black Hawthorn, Diagram of coupling rod end to enable it to negotiate tight curves..

Obituary: Harold L. Hopwood. 157.
Died 23 April 1927 aged 46. Superintendent of Line for Southern Area, LNER. Joined GNR 13 January 1897. Published in Rly Mag. Founder member of Railway Club.

Special tool steels. 157-8. illustration
Invented by R.F. Mushet and manufactured by S. Osborn & Co. of Sheffield

The Model Railway Club Exhibition. 158
Kingsway Hall 19-23 April

Factors iin the design of steam locomotives. I. Introduction and general. 159-60.
Introductory paragraphs stress British design, but do admit that foreign infuences had alr eady brought considerable benefits: Walschaerts valve gear, Belpaire fireboxes, swing link bogies and superheating are listed and poppet valves (Caprotti and Lentz) are mentioned. Articulation is mentioned, but not for Britain. Electric tracyion is dismissed: the Great Eastern had shown that improved track layouts could enable steam to compete to operate steam suburban services.
Standardisation of locomotives would in many ways be a great advantage, but little has been done in this direction so far. Attempts had been made to standardise parts, more particularly to boilers, but also to a lesser extent to cylinders and valve gear. Boiler standardisation had been much adopted by the Great Western Railway, while the Southern Railway has done a good deal in using identical motion parts on different types of engines. The advantages of using very few different designs are obvious. The reduction in the value of stores held by a railway company is by no means the least of them. The standardisation process is one which is likely to be extended, especially in view of the grouping arrangements of the railways.
Accessibility of the parts of the locomotive is a desideratum not to be lost sight of, both on account of cleaning and of the cost of carrying out repairs. Faults and flaws, loose nuts, pins working out, and so on, are more easily detected when the parts are accessible. Special attention has to be paid to lubrication so that the driver may get at the lubricating points with as little inconvenience as possible. Owing to more essential requirements, however, accessibility has often to take a secondary place.
The comfort of the enginemen is a subject which now receives more consideration. A few engines are still running in which there is no cab at all, a slight weather-board being all that is provided. But there are not many, and up-to-date practice is to make the cab as commodious as possible. It would be difficult to find anything better in this way than the cabs of the 4-6-0 express engines of the late Great Eastern Railway. It is still the general rule for the driver to stand on the right-hand side of the footplate, a relic of the old coaching days. This gives the fireman more scope, as when the driver is on the left-hand side of the footplate, the standard arrangement on the late London and North Western Railway, the fireman has either to fire left handed or fire round the driver's legs, unless the cab is' very commodious. As the signals are mostly on the left-hand side of the line, however, the driver gets a slightly better view when standing on the left. The outlook from the cab is naturally very important, but this is usually well catered for nowadays. Some years ago the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway introduced a cab front in which a narrow door was provided so that the driver could obtain access to the running plate without going round the outside of the cab, where he is in some danger of being swept off by fouling structures at the side of the line. This idea has not found general' acceptance, as it is difficult to make room for access to the door, and with the extensive use of mechanical lubricators a driver should not need to go forward while running.
The finished appearance of the locomotive does not receive as much attention abroad as it has done here. It is surprising to notice what a difference in the general appearance such a minor alteration as a change in the chimney will make. The modern dwarf funnels, entailed by loading gauge limits, are certainly an improvement on the older, longer types. One can usually pick out a locomotive of British design from a crowd of foreign designs by its general appearance alone.
The final object for which all railway locomotives are designed is the hauling of loads upon a specially constructed roadway, but in dealing with this subject it has seemed best to group the various considerations into five main aspects. First of all, we have the locomotive as a consumer of fuel. Secondly, we have the locomotive as a steam generator; the energy has, more or less efficiently, undergone a change. In the third place, the locomotive is an engine: a means has been found of using the transformed energy. Fourthly, the locomotive is a vehicle; it propels itself and carries the necessary materials to ensure a supply of energy for varying periods of time. Lastly, the locomotive is a hauling agent; the released and trans- formed energy has been made available for the hauling of the vehicle itself and an attached load from place to place, in certain constrained directions, at speeds lying between certain limits. Keeping these five aspects in mind, we shall deal with the principal portions of the locomotive more or less in that order, starting with a consideration of combustion and the firegrate. To save a tiresome repetition of words when referring to sections of the amalgamated railways, we shall, in mentioning a design dating prior to amalgamation, simply give the old name of the Company responsible for the design.

London, Midland & Scottish Railwav-(L. & N.W. Section).160
A further five 2-6-0 mixed traffic engines had been turned out at Crewe, Nos. 13045-9. Latest Class 4 0-6-0s to be delivered by outside firms: Nos. 4348-50, ex Kerr, Stuart and Co., and Nos. 4362-5 ex Andrew Barclay & Sons. Of the series recently constructed by the North British Loco. Co. and allocated to this section, the last three engines, Nos. 4404-6, have been permanently transferred to the Midland Division. Seventy-five R.O.D. 2-8-0 locomotives had, it is understood, been purchased by the L.M.S. The bulk of them, if not all, coming from the Queensferry dump, and of the total number purchased about one-half have already been handed over at Crewe. Class G 0-8-0, No. 641 (L.M.S. No. 9151) had been rebuilt with Class G1 boiler and superheated. Latest 0-6-2 coal tanks to be adapted for working motor trains were Nos. 709, 2010 and 2457 (L.M.S. Nos. 7825, 7763 and 7733 respectively). Recent withdrawals as follow :-4 ft. 6 in. 2-4-2 passenger tank Nos. 5, 820 and 1358; 0-6-0 special DX. goods Nos. 3106, 3130, 3309 and 3552; and ex N.L.R. 4-4-0 passenger tank No. 6466.

Brewer, F.W. Modern locomotive superheating on the Great Western Railway. 161-2.
Previous part see previous volume beginning page 352. In a previous article, published in THE LOCOMOTIVE for November last, the writer dealt with the intro- duction and experimental application of modern locomotive superheating on the Great Western Ry. Different kinds of apparatus were tested during the years 1906 to 1909, inclusive. The Schmidt and Cole types were tried in 1906 and 1907, respectively, and the original Swindon superheater, which was patented in 1907, and which, like the Cole, was constructed on the Field tube principle, was applied in 1908. In the the following year-190g-the present or modified Swindon device, with single-looped return-bend tubes (arranged in pairs, as distinct from a continuous or four-fold length of tubing), was patented and put to a practical test. With one exception, that of the former 4-6-2, No. 111,The Great Bear, all of the engines concerned in these experiments were 4-6-0s, two being of the two-cylinder, and three of the four-cylinder class. Of the former, No. 2901 Lady Superior was fitted with the Schmidt superheater in 1906, and No. 2922 Saint Gabriel, with the 1907 patent Swindon apparatus in 1908.
As regards the four-cylinder 4-6-0s, No. 4010 Western Star had the Cole appliance installed in 1907; No. 4011 Knight of the Garte the No. 1 Swindon in 1908; and No. 4021 King Edward the improved or non-Field tube Swindon superheater in 1909.
The erstwhile 4-6-2 was also experimentally super- heated. It was at first, in 1908, equipped with a Swindon No. I Special. This was removed in 1913, and the Company's 1909 apparatus was substituted for it.
The main principles employed in the I 909 patented design were definitely adopted by the Great Western for their future superheaters. The respective diameters of the large flues and superheater steam tubes, formerly, in some instances, 5 in. and 7/8 in., are now generally 5 in. and 1 in. The length of the steam tubes necessarily depends on that of the boiler barrel, but these tubes have, nevertheless, been made approximately 1 ft. longer for the 4-6-0s, as compared with those of the experimental designs. The principal changes which have been, or will be effected, concern, however, the number of superheater flues and steam tubes employed in the various classes of engines. In this connection, no hard-and-fast rule was formerly followed, in order, no doubt, to arrive at the most suitable apparatus for a given size of boiler. Thus, the number of fire and steam tubes often varied in engines of the same class, and for this reason it is proposed to review the equipment of superheaters to the several types and classes of Great Western locomotives from 1909 onwards. Generally speaking, the number of superheater steam tubes per flue (previously eight, in some engines), is being fixed at six. Again, many of the comparatively small-boilered engines which were fitted with double-row superheaters are now being provided with single-row apparatus. Type for type, or boiler for boiler, in contrast with the usual practice elsewhere, the Great Western authorities have generally employed a moderate number of superheater flues, with a proportionately somewhat smaller superheating steam tube area, in conjunction, however, with relatively high steam pressures, especially for their more important types of engines. The combination of these features have undeniably given excellent results on the Great Western Ry., the work done by the engines being of a distinctly meritorious character. The first engines to be superheated were those already mentioned. Following the definite adoption in principle of the 1909 patent apparatus, the engines of various other classes and types were fitted with Swindon superheaters. But, at the outset, and for some time afterwards, this procedure was not carried out on a wholesale scale, and consequently the number of engines of any particular class which were superheated differed a good deal. In view, therefore, of the very large number of engines involved—in the aggregate—it will be neither possible nor necessary to mention the application of superheating to every individual locomotive.
Commencing with the 5 ft. 8 in. 4-4-0's, we have, first, those of the rebuilt Duke class of 1895-99, with double frames, 18 in. by 26 in. cylinders, Belpaire fireboxes, and 180 lb. pressure. The superheating of these engines—that is to say, some of them—dates from 1911, and the apparatus then fitted consisted of 6 large flues and 48 steam tubes; in other words, it was of the 6-48 order, a form of expression that will be used hereafter, where necessary, for the sake of simplicity. The same number of flues is still used, but the number of steam tubes has been reduced to 36. With the 48 tubes, the superheating surface was 104 ft²., and the total heating surface 1275·70 ft².. ; with the 36 tubes the former is 81·25 ft².., and the latter 1224·15 ft². The steam pressure was originally 160-165 lb. The boilers are of the domed type, 4 ft. 5 in. in maximum dia. outside, and 11 ft. long. There are many other 5 ft. 8 in. 4-4-0s, also with 18 in. by 26 in. cylinders. These engines comprise several series, such as the Camels, Dominions and Birds, all of which are now classed as Bulldogs, and the construction of which covered the period from 1898 to 1910. The earlier engines, which were like the Dukes, had ordinary domed boilers; the intermediate series were without domes, and had straight barrels with Belpaire fireboxes; and the . later series (1903, onwards), were provided with taper Belpaire boilers. The latter worked at 195 lb., as against 180 lb., the pressure employed in the domed and non-taper boilers.
Some of the Bulldogs were fitted with double-row superheaters, of the 12-72 size, giving a superheating surface of 184·75 ft². and others were equipped with 6-36 apparatus, the superheating sur- face of which was 91 ·11 ft².. The boilers, of the taper kind, were of the same structural dimensions, and their total heating surfaces were, respectively, 1214·19 ft². . and 1357·85 ft².., a larger number of the ordinary small fire tubes being used in the latter case. The latest practice is to fit the smaller of these two superheaters, and to increase the pressure to 200 lb. per sq. in. Several of the engines are, in fact, running with these features. In so far as available information goes, the superheating of this class was begun in 1910. It may be added that all of the engines have double frames throughout.
In addition to the 5 ft. 8 in. 4-4-0s, the Great Western possess many engines of the same type with 18 in. by 26 in. inside cylinders and 6 ft. 8½ in. coupled wheels. There are, for instance, the Badmintons, of 1897-99; the A tbaras, of 1900-190 I; the Flowers, of 1908 (all now classed under the last- mentioned category); and the Cities, of 1903. There are also the Counties, of 1904, which differ chiefly from the foregoing in having outside cylinders, 18 in. by 30 in. and inside frames. All the others have double frames. Four outside-framed 4-4-0 express engines, formerly known as the Armstrong class, which were built with 20 in. by 26 in. cylinders and 7 ft. 1½in. wheels in 1894, and which are now running with 18 in. by 26 in. cylinders, 6 ft. 8½ in. coupled wheels, and 6-36 superheaters, are included in the Flower series.
Three different sizes of superheaters were tried in the Badmintons, after these engines, which were turned out with domed boilers and Belpaire fireboxes, were rebuilt with non-domed taper barrels, having a maximum outside diameter of 5 ft. 6 in., and a steam pressure of 200 lb. In 1909, one of the Badmintons, with this size of boiler, was fitted with a 14-84 superheater. The superheating surface was 196·52 ft², and the total heating surface 1548·22 ft². A year or two later, the class generally was provided with smaller taper boilers (largest outside dia., 5 ft. 0½ in.), and after being thus altered, some of the engines had twelve large fire tubes arranged in two rows, and others had one row of six such flues. The double-row superheaters consisted of 72 steam tubes, or 6 per flue, while the one-row apparatus totalled 48 steam tubes, or 8 per flue. The heating surface of the 12-72 superheaters was 184,75 ft²., and that of the 6-48s, 107 ft²., and the respective combined heating surfaces of the boilers were 1214·19 ft²., and 1373·74 ft². The steam pressure carried by these smaller boilers was at first 195 lb., but in most cases it has since been increased to 200 lb. Where new superheaters have been fitted to the Badmintons, they are of the 6-36 standard. The old domed boilers of these engines, by the way, worked at 180 lb.
The Atbaras were constructed with straight-barrelled boilers with Belpaire fireboxes, in 1900-1901 ; pressure, 180 lb. They were gradually supplied with coned barrels, mostly between 1907 and 1909, but one engine was re-boilered as early as 1902. The superheating of the engines began in 1910; the apparatus installed was of the 12-72 size, and the superheating surface was 168 ·43 ft².; total heating surface of boiler 1197 ·87 ft². The steam pressure was 195 lb., subsequently raised to 200 lb. on the engines going into the shops for heavy repairs. The coned boilers in question had outside diameters of 4 ft. 51/8 in. and 5 ft. 0½ in. Ten of the Atbaras were converted to the class to be next referred to, namely, the City class.
The latter, which appeared in 1903, have always had standard 4 boilers, the front and rear diameters of which are 4 ft. 10¾ in. and 5 ft. 6 in., respectively, and the ten Atbaras, when transferred to the City class, had similar domeless taper boilers. The working pressure in each case was 200 lb. One of the Cities proper was first superheated in 1911. The superheater was a large one, with 14 51/8 in. flues and 112 steam tubes (8 per flue), the latter having a superheating surface of 249·69 ft²; total heating surface of boiler, 1728·05 ft² The latest practice is to fit 14-84 apparatus; superheating surface, 191·79 ft²t.; total heating surface, 1670·15 ft². As previously stated, the Counties, which followed the Cities in 1904, differed from all of the other 4-4-0s in having outside cylinders and inside frames. The cylinders are 18 in. by 30 in., and the coupled wheels 6 ft. 8½ in. The boilers—standard 4— are like those of the City class, and have a steam pressure of 200 lb. The Counties were first superheated in 1911. The superheaters were previously 14-112s, but are now of the 14-84 order, and the superheating surface and total heating surface are as already given for the Cities fitted with the same size of apparatus.
The next 4-4-0s were the 6 ft. 8t in. Flower class (1908), and the 5 ft. 8 in. Bird series (1909- 1910). When the engines of both of these classes were superheated, they were provided with 6-48 apparatus. The latest practice, however, is to fit only 36 steam tubes (the number of large fire tubes being as before); superheating surface, 82·20 ft².; total heating surface (latest figures), 1348·95 ft². for each class.
The two-cylinder and four-cylinder 4-6-0s, certain members of which (as described in the November issue) were used for the initial experiments in modern superheating on the Great Western Ry., have mostly been fitted 14-84 superheaters from the time when the 1909 patent Swindon design was adopted. These superheaters have 262·62 ft² of heating surface, and are now the standard apparatus for the 4-6-0s, but some of the engines of both classes were at one time equipped with the l 12-steam-tube pattern. In the latter case, the superheating area and the total heating surface were, respectively, 330·05 ft², and 2171·43 ft². The two first two-cylinder 4-6-0 engines had 200 lb. pressure, but the third, named Albion, was given 225 lb. Next part page 186 

New South Wales Government Railways. 162
Order for fifteen locomotives from Clyde Engineerin Works of 4-6-0 derived from Lucy C36 class

British locomotive builders, past and present. 163-4.
Continued from page 130. List with brief notes. In continuation of the article which appeared last month, the following list gives the remaining names of British firms, past and present, engaged in the locomotive building industry.
Honeywill Bros., Ashford, Kent. Petrol and narrow gauge locomotives.
S. & F. Howard Ltd., Bedford. Petrol and oil locomotives for contractors, etc.
Hunslet Engine Co., Leeds. Have built over 1,000 engines since they were established in 1864.
T. H. Hunt & Co., Bournemouth. Built a locomotive for the Eskdale Ry.
*lnce Foundry, Wigan. Built for the South Devon Ry.
*Johnson & McNab. Built for the Garnkirk & Glasgow Ry.
*J. & G. Joicey & Co., Newcastle. Built tank engines for collieries and ironworks from 1867-1894; in all about 24 locomotives were built, standard and narrow gauge.
*Jones, Turner & Evans, N ewton-le- Willows. Established in 1837. Afterwards (probably in 1843) became Jones, Potts & Co., and later John jones & Co. Output about 340 engines to 1863, when the establishment closed.
J. R. Engineering Co., R.H. & D. Ry. Station, New Rornney, Kent. Build miniature locomotives.
*Kenworthy, Taylor & Co., Barnsley Foundry, Barnsley. Tank locomotives. Kerr, Stuart & Co., California Works, Stoke-on- Trent. Build for various railways at home and abroad. Kilmarnock Engineering Co., Kilmarnock. Tank loco- motives.
*Kinmond, Hutton & Steel, Wallace Foundry, Dundee. Built for Glasgow & Ayr Ry.
*Kirtley & Co., Warrington. Built for various railways.
*W. & A. Kitching, Hope Town Railway Foundry, Darlington. Originally established in 1790 as an iron foundry. Construction of main line locomotives started in 1833, and ceased in 1860. The firm was afterwards reconstructed and known up to 1885 as C. I' Anson and Co., and about five four-wheeled tank locomotives were built between 1875-1881.; The firm afterwards became A.E. & H. Kitching. The establishment is now known as the Whessoe Foundry.
Kitson & Co., Airedale Foundry, Leeds. Originally known as Tod, Kitson & Laird, and later as Kitson, Thompson and Hewitson, and Kitson & Hewitson. More than 5,000 engines have been built since the firm was founded in 1838.
*Lennox, Lange & Co., Glasgow. Tank locomotives for collieries, ironworks, etc.
*Stephen Lewin, Dorset Foundry, Poole. Built tank engines for contractors, etc.
*Lilleshall Iron Co., Oakengates, Salop. Exhibited at the 1862 Exhibition. Built for the Cambrian and other Railways. Lingford & Gardiner, Bishop Auckland. Build and re- build tank engines for collieries and ironworks.
*Linton, Selby. Built engines for York & North Midland Railway.
*Wm. Lister, Darlington. Built for the Stockton & Darlington and Clarence Rys,
*R B. Longridge & Co., Bedlington Ironworks, Northumberland. Established in 1785, this firm built about 300 engines between 1834 and 1852. Sold to James Spence in 1853 ana closed two years later. The works are now mostly dismantled, but the original drawing office remains and has been converted into two dwelling houses.
Manning, Wardle & Co., Boyne Engine Works, Leeds. Commenced engine building in 1859 and acquired the business of E. B. Wilson & Co. Total output to date exceeds 2,000 engines.
Marshall, Sons & Co. Ltd., Gainsborough.
*Martyn Bros., Chapel side Works, Airdrie. Tank locomotives for collieries, etc.
*Mather, Dixon & Co., North Foundry, Liverpool.
Mather & Platt, Salford. Constructed with Beyer, Peacock & Co. the original electric locomotives of the City & South London Ry. in 1889. Mathews, Bristol. Tram locomotives for Wantage.
*Thomas McCulloch & Sons, Kilmarnock. Tank locomotives for collieries, etc.
*John Melling. Built three locomotives for the Grand Junction Ry.
*Merryweather & Sons, Greenwich. Built engines for tramways and light railways. The firm now specialise, in fire engines and accessories.
*Miller & Co., Vulcan Foundry, Coatbridge. Tank locomotives, mostly narrow gauge locomotives.
*Murd'ock & Aitken, Glasgow. Built for the Glasgow and Garnkirk Ry, N asmyth, Gaskell & Co., Bridgewater Foundry, Patricroft. Established in 1835. Became Tames Nasmyth & Co. about 1850; Patricroft Ironworks about 1856; and Nasrnyth, Wilson & Co. in 1867. Under the latter name the firm still flourishes, and has now turned out approxi- mately 1.300 engines.
*Neasham & Welch Stockton-on-Tees. Built for Stockton and Darlington and local railways.
*Neath Abbey Iron Works, Neath. Established in 1792. Built for the Bodmin & Wadebriclge and other railways. Last locomotives built about 1870. Business taken over by Taylor & Sons Ltd., of Briton Ferry.
Neilson & Co., Glasgow. Established in Hyde Park Street in 1837. Hyde Park Works erected in 1862. This firm, known since 1898 as Neilson, Reid & Co., amalgamated with Sharp, Stewart & Co., and Dübs & Co., in 1903 as the North British Locomotive Co. Ltd. North British Locomotive Co., Glasgow. This is the largest locomotive building company in Europe, the output of the three combined firms now exceeding 23,300 engines.
Peckett & Sons, Atlas Works, Bristol. Acquired in 1880 the business of Fox, Walker & Co. The total output of the two firms since 1862 approximates 1,600 engines.
*Peel, Williams & Peel, Soho Works, Ancoats.
*Pendleton Ironworks, Manchester. Ceased to build engines after 1878. Built about seven locomotives, four-wheeled and six-wheeled tank locomotives for own use at colliery and ironworks owned by the firm of Barninghams.
*Peto, Betts & Brassey, Canada Works, Birkenhead. Built for various railways in this country and Canada.
R. Y. Pickering & Co., Wishaw. Rail motors.
*Ransomes & Rapier, Ipswich. Built the engines for, and equipped, the pioneer railway in China-the Woosung Tramroad-1873-1876.
*G. & ]. Rennie. Established at Stamford Street, Black- friars, in 1824, and removed to Holland Street, Blackfriars, in 1833. One of the earliest firms to be established in London, they built locomotives from 1838 to 1843. In the latter year they became marine engineers.
*George Rennoldson, South Shields. Built an odd locomotive or two possibly for the Stanhope & Tyne Ry, The boiler of one exploded .in the yard whilst undergoing steam trials, November 20, 1837, killing two people.
*Thomas Richardson. Established the Castle Eden Foundry, in 1830, and the Middleton Ironworks, Hartlepool, in 1838, and built engines from 1835 to 1858. The firm is now called Richardson, Furness & Westgarth (marine engineers), and they use the buildings formerly occupied by Gilkes, Wilson & Co. and their successors at Middlesbrough-on-Tees.
*Rothwell S' Co., Union Foundry, Bolton-le-Moors. Established in 1830 and built some 200 engines between then and 1860, when they closed.
Ruston & Proctor, Lincoln. Principally agricultural engineers, but have built a few locomotives. Now known as Ruston & Hornsby, the firm specialise in petrol-driven locomotives.
*St. Rollox Co., Glasgow. Built for the Garnkirk and Glasgow Ry.
*Sara & Co., Plymouth. Built vertical boiler, geared locomotive for the South Devon Ry., also for China Clay Mines.
Savage Bros., King's Lynn. Build locomotives for show- men and scenic railways.
*Scott & Sinclair, Glasgow. Built for various Scottish railways.
Sentinel Waggon Works, Ltd., Shrewsbury. Build chain- driven shunting locomotives.
*Alexander Shanks & Co., Dens Ironworks, Arbroath. Built small locomotives for docks and harbours.
Sharp, Stewart & Co., Atlas Works, Glasgow. Established in 1833 and formerly located at Atlas Works, Manchester. Originally known as Sharp, Roberts & Co., they became Sharp Bros. & Co. in 1843, and Sharp, Stewart & Co. in 1852. Removed to Glasgow in 1888, and took over the business of the Clyde Locomotive Works. Amalgamated in 1903 with Neilson, Reid & Co. and Dubs & Co., under the title of the North British Locomotive Co. (which see).
*Shepherd & Todd, Railway Foundry, Leeds. Commenced engine construction in 1838; became Fenton, Craven and Co. in 1846, and E. B. Wilson & Co. in 1847 (which see).
*C. Todd. Built for the York & Newcastle and York and North Midland Rys.
*Short Bros., Glasgow. Siemens Bros. & Co., Stafford. Built two electric locomotives for the City & South London Ry. in 1891.
*John Smith, Village Foundry, Coven, Wolverhampton. Built tank engines for collieries and ironworks.
*Spence & Co., Dublin. Built locomotives for Guinness's Brewery. . Thomas Spittle, Cambrian Foundry, Newport, Mon. Builds tank engines for contractors, etc.
*Stark & Fulton, Glasgow. Built for Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock & Ayr Ry, Robert Stephenson & Co., Darlington. Established at Forth Street Works, Newcastle, in 1823, under the name of G. & R. Stephenson, Pease & Richardson. The present firm (R. Stephenson s Sr Co.) started numbering their engines in 1832, and have built more than 4,000 between then and now. They removed from Newcastle to Darlington in 1902.
*Stirling & Co., East Foundry and Victoria Foundry, Dundee.
Henry Stothert & Co., Bristol. Became Stothert, Slaughter and Co. in 1840; Slaughter, Griining & Co. in 1856; and the Avonside Engine Co. in 1866 (which see).
*Sutton Engine Works, St. Helens. Afterwards E. Borrows. and Son, Providence Works, St. Helens. (See Cross and Co.)
*H. E. Taylor, Chester. Locomotives for cement works.
*T. M. Tennant & Co., Newington Works, Edinburgh. Built tank engines with vertical boilers.
*Thames Ironworks, Blackwall. Built an electric locomotive for the City & South London Ry. in 1898.
*Thompson & Cole. Built for the Birmingham & Derby J unction and North Midland Rys.
*Thornewill & Warham, Burton-on-Trent. Built tank engines for collieries, and for Bass's Brewery.
*Thwaites Bros., Vulcan Foundry, Bradford; known at one time as Thwaites & Carbutt. Built one locomotive for the South Yorkshire Ry.
*Tredegar Ironworks, Tredegar, Mon. Built engines from 1832 to 1848.
Tulk & Ley, Lowca Works, Parton, Whitehaven. Founded in 1763 by Adam Heslop, and in 1808 passed into Messrs. Millward's hands. Messrs. Tulk & Ley. took over the works in 1830, and in the 1840s commenced locomotive building. In 1857 the firm was taken over by Messrs. Fletcher, Jennings & Co., until 1884, when the works became known as the Lowca Engine Works until 1905, when it became known as the New Lowca Engine Works Co., 250 locomotives having been built by the firm and their predecessors.
*Turner & Ogden, Leeds. Built for the York & North Midland Ry. Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows. Originally founded in 1832 by Charles Tayleur, and known under the present title since 1847. Total output exceeds 2,000 engines.
*Richard Walker & Bros., Bury, Lancs. Built for the East Lancashire Ry,
*Walker Bros., Pagefield Ironworks, Wigan- Built tram, also tank, locomotives.
*Wilkinson & Co., Holmeshouse Foundry, Wigan. Built for the Giant's Causeway, Portrush and Bush Valley Ry., and various tramways. E. B. Wilson & Co., Railway Foundry, Leeds. Formerly Shepherd & Todd, who commenced building in 1838. Became Fenton, Craven & Co. in 1846, and E. B. Wilson and Co. in 1847. The works were closed in 1858 and taken over, partly by Manning, Wardle & Co. (in 1862) and partly by Hudswell & Clarke (in 1860). 635 engines were built to 1858.
*Robert Wilson, Gateshead. Built one locomotive for the Stockton & Darlington Ry,
*Woolwich Arsenal. Since the war built 50 locomotives as a relief measure.
*Worcester Engine Co., Worcester. Established in 1865 and wound up in September, 1872. Premises occupied partly by Mackenzie & Holland, Railway Signal Engineers, and partly by Heenan & Froude, Engineers .
*Worsdell, Birmingham. Built for the Potteries, Shrewsbury & North Wales Ry,
Yorkshire Engine Co., Meadowhall Works, Sheffield. Established, 1866. Construction to date, about 1,600 locomotives.
N.B.-An asterisk denotes either that the firm is defunct or no longer engages in the locomotive building trade.
Some of the larger industrial companies build occasional engines for their own use at such times as their shops are not fully engaged on other work, and among them may be mentioned: The Coalbrookdale Iron Co.; Dowlais Ironworks; Ebbw Vale Steel, Iron and Coal Co.; Gas Light and Coke Co. (Beckton Works); Haydock Colliery; South Hetton Coal Co.; and Vivian & Sons (Swansea).
As bearing somewhat on this subject, readers are reminded that a list of present Continental locomotive building firms appeared in THE LOCOMOTIVE for June, 1916.
The names given in early railway companies' lists as the firms from whom locomotives were purchased were not necessarily the builders of these. At that time the demand for locomotives exceeded the supply, and as usual in those circumstances, speculators appeared who ordered locomotives which they did not want and could not use, apparently with the sole intention of selling them at a profit to railway companies who wanted them and must have them. Thus the engine Tantalus of the Grand Junction Ry., recorded as being purchased from J. Smith, of Bradford, was built for him by the Haigh Foundry, Wigan, and No. 13 of the North Union Ry., recorded as being purchased from Bourne, Bartley and Co., was built for that firm also by the Haigh Foundry.

Reserved passenger carriages, Nitrate Railways of Chili. 165-6. 4 illustrations, diagram (side elevation & plan).
Supplied by R.Y. Pickering to specification of T. Jefferson, locomotive engineer and inspection by R.W. Hunt & Co.: side corridor coaches with lavatories and furnished with green buffalo hide for smoking or green tapestry for non-smoking compartments

Self-discharging wagons on the German and Swedish State Railways. 166-8. 2 illustrations
Bogie wagons

Correspondence. 168.

British locomotive builders, past and present. Méchanicien. 168
Re pages 130-132 a list of British locomotive builders, past and present. there are several points that are not entirely correct, or which call for further explanation, and I am taking this opportunity to draw your aftention to them.
Blair & Co., Stockton-on-Tees.—This, I think, should be given as follows. Hackworth and Downing, of Shildon, moved to Stockton-on-Tees in the early forties and established works for the building and maintenance of locomotives; the firm afterwards became Fossick & Hackworth, and had the contract for supplying haulage power for the Clarence, Stockton and Hartlepool, also Llanelly Rys., and supplied locomotives for these and other lines. The works manager was Mr. G.T. Blair. The name of the firm was changed to Fossick & Blair at a later date, and eventually the works were entirely taken over by Mr. G.T. Blair. Locomotive building ceased in the late sixties and attention concentrated on marine engine building. The number of locomotives built was about 100.
Cochrane, Grove & Co., North Ormesby Works, Middlesbrough.-Locomotives built by this firm were entirely for use at their own North Ormesby Ironworks.
John Coulthard & Son, Gateshead-on-Tyne.—The figure given, viz., 100 locomotives, seems somewhat high, and these cannot be accounted for, and it seems more probable that the number of this firm's locomotives did not exceed fifty, including rebuilt locomotives which may have received new maker's plates and shop numbers.
D. Drummond & Son, Glasgow Railway Engineering Co., Govan.—This firm also built a number of narrow gauge 0-4-0 tank locomotives with cylinders 6 in. dia. by 9 in. stroke for various gas companies.
Gilkes, Wilson & Co., Teeside Engine Works, Middlesbrough-on-Tees. afterwards Hopkins, Gilkes & Co., and latterly Teeside Iron & Engine Co., closed down 1880. The figure given for the number of locomotives built is not correct, the total number was 134, the last being completed in 1875.
John Harris, Darlington-given as Albert Hill Foundry.— This firm built about twenty tank locomotives between 1863 and 1869 in a portion of the Hopetown Foundry, leased from Messrs. C. E. Lister. One or two of the last locomotives built had the words on the maker's plate, "Albert Hill Foundry, Darlington." The Albert Hill Foundry was not taken over by Lister's but by Messrs. Summerson, makers of railway switches, points, crossings, etc.
Hawthorns', Leith—Locomotive building is given by this firm as between 1846-1866. I would point out that locomotive building continued until the middle eighties, and rebuilding and repairs being carried out until a much later date.
Heron & Wilkinson.—This, I think, should read Horner and Wilkinson, and whether they ever built a locomotive is extremely doubtful. They did, however, build a number of coaches for the early railways in the north of England.
Hartlepool Iron Co.—This firm should be included under the heading of Messrs. Thos. Richardson & Son, Hartlepool Iron Co., Middleton, Hartlepool, established 1838.

Gladstone. Malcolm M. Niven. 168
We have recently heard that the Gladstone of the L.B. & S.C. Ry. has been removed from traffic, and that it is to be placed in the L. & N.E.R. Museum at York until such times as a place can be found for it in South Kensington Science Museum. I was very glad to learn also that the L. & N.E. Ry. Co. were also putting aside one of the Tennant 2-4-0 passenger engines as a memento. Now, I would like the Stephenson Society to try and negotiate with the L.M.S. Ry. to keep one of Mr. James Stirling's 7 ft. It in. coupled engines. These were amongst the earliest 4-4-0 inside cylinder engines in this country, and had a standard of beauty and efficiency seldom eclipsed by any passenger engine of the time. I am safe in saying that it was their wonderful economy in oil and coal which made them so efficient for the time, and as the late Mr. Ahrons gave all particulars it is not necessary for me to recapitulate here. There was great economy in oil in these engines due to the very well designed driving link motion which reduced the frictional resistance in operating the slide-valves to a minimum. These engines could run for a week on two gallons of engine oil, and 21 lb. of tallow, and a fuel consumption of 26 lb. of coal per train mile.

Opening of the new station at Newton Abbot. 168
On Monday, 11 April the new Great Western Railway station at Newton Abbot was opened by Lord Mildmay . of Flete, supported by the chairman, directors, general manager and several officials of the Great Western Ry., as well as many local representatives. It takes the place of the station designed by Brunel, built in 1846, which consisted of three narrow platforms, 400 ft. in length, with an " overall " roof 300 ft. in length. The chief features of the new station are two main island platforms, up and down, each 1,375 ft. long, and coverings for a length of 600 ft.; a separate platform, 320 ft. long, is provided for the Moretonhampstead branch traffic. Other features are :-Commodious refreshment and waiting rooms, electric lifts for the transfer of luggage and parcels, and a footbridge, with wide stairways connecting with the main building. The building is three storeys high; on the ground floor are the booking office, hall, parcels office and cloak-room. The first floor contains a dining-room and tea-room, 66 ft. long and 19 ft. wide, and suitable also for social functions; access to and from the street is given by independent stairways. The offices of the divisional locomotive superintendent are situated on the second floor. At the east end of the station a signal-box, with 206 levers, has been erected, and this is the second largest on the Great Western Ry. system. The townspeople presented three clocks, one of which is placed in the pediment surmounting the building, one in the booking hall and the other is a central controlling clock. After the inauguration ceremony the station was thrown open to public inspection. Much interest was shown in the old South Devon Railway vertical shunting boiler engine  Tiny, as also a hot-air engine, which were on view. The Tiny is believed to be the only 7-ft. gauge locomotive in the world. Built in 1868 by Sara & Co., of Plymouth, it was used by the S.D. Railway for shunting at Newton Abbot yard, and was taken over by the G.W. Railway with the other S.D. Railway stock in 1878. It has been used of late years (until the end of March) for pumping purposes at the loco- motive sheds, steam being supplied from an adjacent stationary boiler. The Tiny was described and illustrated in THE LOCOMOTIVE for August 14. 1920.

Reviews. 169-70.

British railway operation. T. Bernard Hare, London: The Modern Transport Publishing Co.
To those desirous of obtaining inside knowledge of the operation of British railways this book will be of more than ordinary value as in it we have the methods and ways described by a practical railway man actually engaged in the work he writes of. Although little fault can be found with Mr. Hare's very clear descriptive treatment of his subject, we confess we should like to have seen more in the way of indications of changes in the orthodox methods, now the railways find themselves in such a grave position due to the remarkable development of road transport. The possibility of getting more elastic working to better meet the competition of the motor, the speeding up of the goods service by improving the stock, handling it, decreasing the terrible loss due to the constant haulage of so much deadweight, are hardly mentioned, although the fitment of the goods trains with continuous brakes and automatic couplers is touched on, and reference to the want of such an improvement is discernable when signalling, timing of trains, etc., are under review. Sir Ralph Wedgewood's " Foreword" is aptly written. We welcome the book as one which gives the Whys and. Wherefores of many railway proceedings, and for this reason it will be a valuable addition to a railwayman's library.

Trials with vacuum brakes on long goods trains.Technical paper No. 254. Calcutta: Government Printing Office,
The Indian Railway Board has published in the above the results of a series of trials made by R.C. Case of the Loco. Dept., Eastern Bengal Ry., with the vacuum brake on long goods trains. The notes are of a very ordinary kind and offer no new features. It is much to be regretted that experiments were not possible with a traffic train of vehicles taken from service. Such was not possible, however, and the usual recourse had to be made to a specially prepared train which of course considerably discounts the value of the results. The diagrams accompanying it show clearly where difficulty may be expected with the vacuum brake on very long goods trains.

When railroads were new. C.F. Carter. Centenary Edition. London: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Co.,
This book, described as an account of the early American railroads and the men who built and ran them, is written by an old railroad man. It may be compared with some of the popular historical books dealing with the interesting features of British railways and is full of curious information. It describes the early history of the Erie, the Pennsylvania lines, the Baltimore and Ohio, the New York Central, the first Pacific Railroad the Santa Fe, the Rio Grande, and the Canadian Pacific, the last of the pioneer lines of North America. Several interesting pictures of the early days of railroads are included. The author explains the difficulties he has found in gathering the fragments of early railroad history into a coherent narrative that would be neither a dry treatise nor a collection of anecdotes. Thus dates that vary a whole year are given for so recent an event as the running of the first through passenger train over the Canadian Pacific Railway. The management of the largest locomotive works in America asserts that the first engine built by their founder ran only on fair days at the outset of its career, being replaced by horses on rainy days by its proud but prudent owners. On the other hand, the driver who claims to have had charge of this first locomotive declares he ran it every day, wet or fine, and the author gives other examples of these contradictory statements. The book is most entertaining as well as instructive to British readers, as giving fresh and little-known information on American railway history and conditions. It is furnished with a serviceable index, is clearly printed, and well produced generally.

Modern railway signalling. M.G. Tweedie and T. S. Lascelles, London: The Gresham Publishing Co., Ltd.,
This comprehensive work deals with present-day railway signal engineering and is designed not only to meet the needs of the younger employees in a signal department, who may wish to add to their workshop experience by a thorough knowledge of the latest practice of the science of signalling in all its branches, but will also well repay study by those who have long passed their apprenticeship in railway work. The first six chapters deal with the principles of signalling; signal boxes, various types of lever and locking frames; signals, ground connections, examples of two and three-position signalling, double wire signal and point working. The methods of making locking sketches, locking tables, and dog charts are fully explained. Later sections give full descriptions of such matters as non-automatic, double-line block signalling, single line working (non-automatic), track circuits, automatic block signalling, point working, two and three-position signalling, day colour-light-signals, telegraphs and telephones, and the application of power to signal working, including the electric, electro-pneurnatic and pneumatic systems. Cab signalling and automatic train stops are dealt with in the chapter on signalling in fog and falling snow. The work is profusely illustrated with 291 diagrams and plans and half-tone illustra- tions, including two plates of an " eye-ball" train diagram, and a diagram showing auxiliary sidings, approach lines, platforms and signalling arrangements at Glasgow Central station. The subject is dealt with interestingly throughout and it can be commended to all connected with signalling and signal engineering.

The Channel Islands. London: Published by the Great Western & the Southern Railways.
This attractive guide and handbook is published jointly by the above railways and can be obtained from the Superintendent of the line, Paddington Station, or the chief commercial manager, London Bridge station. Apart from the excellent illustrations of the scenery of these popular islands, the text is not only informative but written in a very interesting style. The first section describes the many attractions of St. Helier, St. Aubin, St. Brelades, Corbiere and the North and East Coasts of Jersey. This is followed by the Guernsey portion, which deals with St. Peter Port, Moulin Huet, Icart, Moye Point, Rocquaine Bay, etc., while the last chapter is devoted to the islands of Alderney and Sark. It should be mentioned that holders of return tickets can travel via Weymouth or via Southampton on the homeward journey.

The new switchgear works of the Oerlikon Company. 170

No. 418 (15 June 1927)

The preservation of the "Gladstone". 171-2. illustration
Illustration shows 0-4-2 Gladstone in Stroudley yellow livery alongside Lord Nelson. Ceremony at York on 31 May 1927 involved  W.H. Whitworth of Stephenson Locomotive Society, C.M. Stedman, divisional running superintendent, George Davidson, divisional general manager, J.B. Harper, chairman of York Museum Committee and E.M. Bywell curator.

Two-cylinder compound freight locomotives, Central Argentine Ry. 172-3. illustration
Twenty cross compound 2-8-2 built by Beyer, Peacock & Co.  Belpaire firebox: hish pressure cylinder was 21 x 26in and low pressure 31½ x 26in. Boiler pressure 200 psi.

Locomotives for Kimberley Diamond Mines. 173. illustration
John Fowler & Co. (Leeds) Ltd  supplied four 0-4-2T for 18 inch gauge lines ownde by De Beers Consolidated Mines in South Africa

New six-coupled bogie goods engines, Southern Railway. 174-5. illustration, diagram (side elevation)
S15: Urie design modified by Maunsell

Pennsylvania R.R. 175
A new number plate had been adopted for the front of the smokebox of locomotives made in the form of a " key-stone," the accepted emblem of the State of Pennsylvania and the adopted "trade-mark" of the Pennsylvania R.R.

London & North Eastern Ry. 175
No. 1268, 1272 and 1273 were 0-6-0 (J39 class) completed at Darlington. Several of the recently purchased 2-8-0 (W.D. type) were being reconditioned at Gorton. No. 6633 (late W.D. 2126) had already been put into traffic.

Inspection cars, Great Southern Railways of Ireland. 175. illustration
For use by engineers when inspecting on the Great Southern Rys. of Ireland, four closed type petrol railcars had been built by the Drewry Car Co. at their works at Burton-on-Trent. These vehicles are fitted with the builders' standard 20-h.p. engines and three-speed gear boxes, with reverse gears giving all three speeds in each direction. The control arrangements are arranged at the centre of the car, so that whichever way it is running the. leading seat is available for the use of the inspecting engineer. The seats, which are fitted with reversible back rests, are arranged so that there is a gangway along one side of the car, and ample space is left at each end for the provision of a folding table on which plans and drawings can be examined. The cars are built to suit the Irish standard 5 ft. 3 in. gauge track, and are capable of a maximum speed of 35 to 40 miles per hour.

Union Pacific R.R. 175
By utilising compressed air from the air brake supply for operating the engine whistle on certain services whereon much signalling is performed by the whistle, it is claimed that a saving in fuel of a value of about 5s. per locomotive per day is made. Several railways are now operating the engine whistle in this manner, so saving high pressure, superheated steam.

Southern Pacific R.R. 175
By the introduction of much longer runs for passenger locomotives, Los Angeles to El Paso, 815 miles, and so cutting out four changes of engines at intermediate points, the number of locomotives required for operating ten trains per.day, five in each direction, has been reduced from fifty to twenty-five, the labour, stores and expenses of the intermediate sheds curtailed, and about £12,000 saved per annum.

"Garratt" patent locomotives (2-6-0 + 0-6-2 type) for the London, Midland & Scottish Railway Co.. 176. illustration
Three supplied by Beyer Peacock & Co. to specification of Sir Henry Fowler for Toton to Brent coal traffic

The first "Baltic" express locomotives in the U.S.A. 177-8. illustration
American Locomotive Co. for New York Central Railway to work fastest expresses such as Twentieth Century Limited and Empire State Express.

Modified Fairlie locomotives, South African Railways. 178-9. illustration
Built by Henschel & Sons of Cassel with a long rigid frame. 2-8-2+2-8-2

Great Western Ry. 178.
'The first of the new "Cathedral" class 4-6-0 four-cylinder express engines is expected to be completed in early June': notes main dimensions correctly

Benguella Railway Garratt locomotives, valves and valve gear. 179-80. diagram
with Lentz valve gear

Great Western Ry. 180
Several of the 0-6-2T (ex. T.V.R.) are appearing with new tanks, which makes them closely resemble Barry engines in external appearance. One of these is No. 577, the date on the motion is 11/26 ; another is No. 484, which has a Belpaire firebox and Swindon superheater; others are 583, dated 6/25, and 573 dated 9/26. Others of the 0-6-2T type have been rebuilt with Camel domeless boilers, e.g., No. 284, 335, 394, 292, 399 (H. L. & Co., 3411/1920), 297, 374, 286, 364, 298 (11/25), 602. Makers' plates are being removed from the leading splashers and put on the back of the bunker in many cases. New tank side sheets have been provided in some instances. Of the latest series of 0-6-2T, No: 5680/1/2/6 are at Barry and 5684/7/8/9/90/3 on the T.V. section. No. 5619, at one time in London, is now on the T.V. section. Several 2-6-2T of the 4500 class have recently been sent to London for empty coach working, among them being Nos. 4592-4599, 5500 and 5501, which are new from Swindon.

Messrs. Kitson & Co. Ltd. 180
Had orders from the Midland Ry. of Western Australia for three 2-8-2 tender locomotives, and from the Manchester Ship Canal Co. for one 0-6-0 tank engine.

An experimental water-tube boiler locomotive. 180-2. illustration, 2 diagrams (including side & front elevations)
Several Paris, Lyons & Mediterranean Ry., Algerian Lines 4-6-0 locomotives were fitted with Robert water tube boilers in 1909-12..

Autocars for the German Government Railways, 183-4. 4 illustrations, diagram
Manufactured by Waggon & Maschinenbau Actiengesellschaft of Gorlitz: four wheel and bogie versions with petrol engines (in case of bogie vehicle mounted on the bogie).

The locomotive history of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. 184-6. illustration, diagram (side elevation)
On 19 July 1867 the Mullah Viaduct on the Bhore Ghat collapsed only four days after it had been inspected by J.R. Manning, chief engineer and Captain, deputy consulting engineer.

F.W. Brewer. Modern locomotive superheating on the Great Western Railway. 186-8.
Previous part (mainly 4-4-0s see page 161. Engines of the two-cylinder 4-6-0 class were built from 1902 to 1913. The two first examples had 200 lb. steam pressure. The third engine, turned out at the end of 1903, and named Albion, was given 225 lb., with a view to running it in competition with the de Glehn 4-4-2 compound, La France, which had in that year been purchased by the G.W.R. Company, and which had a working pressure of 227 lb. per sq. in. As, however, the Swindon-built engine had the advantage over the compound in the matter of adhesion weight, it was reconstructed in October, 1904, as an Atlantic, in order to modify the disparity between the two engines. Thirteen other two-cylinder 4-4-2s followed in 1905, and these also had 225 lb. pressure. The cylinders, as in the case of the 4-6-0s, were 18 in. by 30 in., and the coupled wheels 6 ft. 8½in. Several of the Atlantics, as such, were equipped with superheaters having 14 large flues, and 84 steam tubes, in 1910-1911. The French compound, La France, was superheated later. In September, 1913, this engine, which then carried its original boiler, was provided with a superheater having 12 large fire tubes and 96 steam tubes; the superheating surface was 280.49 ft², and the total heating surface 1706.;89 ft² Three years later, in September, 1916, La France was rebuilt with a standard No. 1 coned boiler of the size used for the 4-6-0s and simple 4-4-2's; max. dia., 5 ft. 6 in. ; length of barrel, 14 ft. 10 in.; pressure, 225psi. This boiler was fitted with a 14-112 superheater, the superheating surface of which was 330.;05 ft², while the total heating surface was augmented to 2171.;43 ft² La France was withdrawn from service in 1926, after running 23 years. In 1905, the Company purchased two larger de Glehn compound Atlantics, which were afterwards named President and Alliance, respectively. The latter was rebuilt with a No. 1 taper boiler in August, 1907, and the former in February, 1910. Both engines were provided with superheaters of the 14-112 pattern subsequently fitted to La France, the President being superheated in January, 1914, and the Alliance in July, 1915. The steam pressure and the superheating and total heating surfaces, were as mentioned in the case of the coned boiler of La France. The two larger French engines were now the only Atlantics running on the Great Western. The Swindon 4-6-0 which was reconstructed as a 4-4-2 in 1904 was changed back to its original type in 1907, and the 13 other simple" Atlantics" were converted to 4-6-0s in 1912. As stated, the earlier two-cylinder 4-6-0 engines had 18 in. cylinders. Later ones had 18t in. or 18t in. cylinders, as the case may be, the latter now being the common size. The superheaters (14-84) have a superheating surface of 262 .;62 ft², and the boilers a total heating surface, in round figures, of 2,000 ft²t.
The surviving French compounds had two 143/16 in. by 253/16 in. h. p. cylinders, and two 235/8 in. by 253/16 in. l.p. cylinders: coupled wheels, 6 ft. 8½ in. These engines then had 14-84 superheaters. It was due to the introduction of these compounds that the four-cylinder simple type was adopted by the Great Western. The first example of that type on the line was built in 1906 as a 4-4-2, with 14¼ in. by 26 in. cylinders, 225 lb. pressure and 6ft. 8½ in. wheels. This engine, the North Star, which was altered to a 4-6-0 in December, 1909, was not superheated as an Atlantic, and was the only example of its particular kind at the time. All of the succeeding four-cylinder simples were, therefore, of the 4-6-0 type, with one exception, that of the former 4-6-2. The four-cylinder 4-6-0s proper date from 1907. Down to those built in 1922, these engines had No. 1 boilers and had either 14-84 or 14-112 superheaters (superheating surface, and total heating surface as in the case of the two-cylinder 4-6-0s). In 1913, the cylinder dia. was increased to 14i in., but one engine of a series then turned out, had, for trial purposes, 15 in. cylinders, and this latter size was adopted for new engines until the well-known Castle class, with 16 in. by 26 in. cylinders, and larger taper boilers (outside diameters 5 ft. 115/16 in. and 5 ft. 9 in.) appeared in 1923 onwards. The superheating surface, 262 .;62 ft², that of the standard 14-84 apparatus, remained as before, but the aggregate heating surface was increased to 2,312 ft²
The 4-6-2 engine, as such, was dealt with in the previous article. It was now a Castle class 4-6-0, and the earlier four-cylinder 4-6-0s, the various series of which all come under the category of Stars, are also to be converted to Castles in due course, and some have already been so rebuilt.
As regards the goods engines, we have, first, those of the double-framed 2-6-0 type (2600 class), of 1900, with 18 in. by 26 in. cylinders and 4 ft. 7½in. coupled wheels. The superheaters of some of these engines had 112 steam tubes (superheating surface, 249.69 ft²), while others had. 84 such tubes (superheating surface 179.1 ft²), the number of large fire- tubes being 14 in both cases. With the former, the total heating surface amounted to 1728 .;05 ft², and with the latter it was 1530.8 ft² Standard 4 taper boilers carrying 200 lb. pressure are now fitted to this class, and the later ones have a total heating surface of 1670 .;15 ft² Present-day practice is to equip the engines with 14-84 superheaters having a superheating surface of 191.79 ft² The initial batches had straight-barrelled Belpaire boilers, and the first engine had 180 lb. pressure. Some of the former taper boilers were pressed at 195 lb., and others at 200 lb. per sq. in. This class now includes the ten Krugers, No. 2601-2610, rebuilt to conform with the 2600s proper.
In 1903 appeared the first example of the 2-8-0 tender type, with outside cylinders, 18 in. by 30 in. coupled wheels, 4 ft. 7½in.; coned boiler, 4 ft. 10¾ in. and 5 ft. 6 in. by 14 ft. 10 in.; pressure, 200 lb., subsequently increased to 225 lb. Engines of this (the 2800) class, were turned out down to 1919, and those built in 1911 and later had superheaters and boilers similar to those of the 4-6-0 express engines. A beginning was made with the superheating of the saturated engines in 1909, the apparatus fitted being in some cases of the 14-112, and in other instances of the 14-84 size. The latter represents the Co.' s latest practice; the superheating surface is 262.;62 ft², and the total heating surface of the new boilers is 2104.0 ft² The cylinders are now 183/8in. to 18½ in. in dia.
Mixed traffic engines of the outside cylinder 2-6-0 type were introduced in 1911 (4300 class). The cylinders are 18½ in. by 30 in., and the coupled wheels 5 ft. 8 in. . The boilers are of the same size as those of the inside cylinder 2-6-0s, but the total heating surface of the first series differed from that of the later engines. All, however, had 14-fire tube superheaters. These, in a number of the engines, housed 112 steam tubes (superheating surface 249.;69 ft² ; total heating surface of boiler, 1728.05 ft²), while those in other engines contained 84 tubes (super- heating area, 215.8 ft², and total heating surface, 1566.74 ft²). The modern superheaters are 14-84s. The total heating surface of the more recent engines is 1670.15 ft² and the superheating surface 191.79 ft² The steam pressure is 200 lb., as at first. There are now no fewer than 322 examples of the 4300 class on the Great Western Ry., 287 of which were built at Swindon from 1911 to 1925. Thirty-five others were supplied by Robert Stephenson and Co., Ltd., in 1921-22.
In 1919, an engine of the 2-8-0 type, with 19 in. by 30 in. outside cylinders, and driving wheels as large as 5 ft. 8 in., was constructed at Swindon. It was then fitted with a boiler of the kind carried by the later 4 ft. 7½ in. 2-8-0s, but was equipped with a superheater with 112 steam tubes, instead of 84 (14-112). In May, 1921, this engine (4700 class) was rebuilt with a much bigger boiler, the outside diameters of which were 5 ft. 6 in. and 6 ft.; length of barrel, as before, 14 ft. 10 in.; and steam pressure, 225 lb. The previous boiler had a superheating surface of 330.05 ft², and a total heating surface of 2171.43 ft² The corresponding figures for the 'present boiler, which is equipped with 16 large flues and 96 superheater steam tubes, are 289.60 ft², and 2521.70 ft² Eight similar engines were turned out in 1922-23, these having the larger boilers and the 16-96 superheaters.
There is also another class of 2-8-0s on the Great Western-the RODs. Twenty of these, which are of the well-known Great Central design, were purchased by the Company from the Government in 1919. They have 21 in. by 26 in. outside cylinders, 4 ft. 8 in. coupled wheels, 185 lb. pressure, and 5 ft. by 15 ft. superheater boilers, all of which were originally fitted with 22-element Robinson superheaters. There were 44 steam tubes; the heating surface of these was 255 ft², and the total for the whole boiler was 1,756 ft² In 1924-25, several of the RODs were furnished with 12-72 Swindon superheaters in place of the former Robinson apparatus. With this alteration, the superheating surface became 225 .;12 ft², but the total heating surface (owing to the larger number of small fire tubes employed) was increased to 1816.;50 ft² As the original boilers are at present in use, the working pressure is still 185 lb.
A considerable number of the ordinary inside-framed 0-6-0 tender engines have been provided with Swindon superheaters, some with 48, and others (later), with 36 steam tubes, all having 6 large fire- tubes. The superheating surface varies from. 97.3 ft² to 75.30 ft² ; and the total heating surface from 1191.49ft²., to 1142.;60 ft²; steam pressure, 180 lb. These engines have 17 in. to 17t in. by 24 in. cylinders, and 5 ft. 2 in. wheels. The boilers (non-taper) are 4 ft. 5 in. by 10ft. 3 in., and are fitted with domes.
Some of the old passenger tender engines have also been superheated, those so treated having previously been rebuilt with Belpaire fireboxes and given, as a rule, an increased steam pressure. Such engines include the following double-framed classes —the 5 ft. 2 in. 2-4-0s, of the 3201 . and . 3501. series (1884-5), which have 17 in. by 26 in. cylinders and (now) 180 lb. pressure; the 5 ft. 2 in. 4-4-0s, . 3521,. etc., series (converted from tank engines, 1889-1902), with 17 in. by. 24 in.rcylinders : pressure, 180 lb. to 200 lb., those with the latter figure having taper boilers; and the .3206. class of 6 ft. 2 in. 2-4-0s, which have 18 in. by 26 in. cylinders and 180 lb. pressure, and which were first built in 1889. Swindon super- heaters have also been fitted to certain members of the 3232. class of inside-framed 2-4-0s (1892-3), the cylinders of which are 17½ in. by 24 in., and the coupled wheels 6 ft. 8½ in.; the pressure, in the case of these engines, is only 165 lb. The Swindon superheaters for the foregoing old types and classes of passenger engines have been either of the 6-36 or 6-48 order, with from 83.;93 ft² to 97.;34 ft² of heating surface. The latest practice is to fit the smaller size. Approximately, the total heating surface of the different engines is 1,200 ft², inclusive of the superheater. The. 3501s,. it should be noted, were, like the. 3521s,. formerly tank engines. Some mention should be made of the grate area employed in what may be termed the standard classes of engines dealt with herein. The. Duke. have 17.;2 ft²; the. Bulldogs. and. Flowers 20.35 ft², and the Cities and Counties. 20.;56 sq. ft. These are all 4-4-0s. The two-cylinder 4-6-0s have 27 .;07 ft², as also do the four-cylinder engines with the exception of those of the. Castle. class, in which the grate area is 30.;28 ft² The two French compounds, 4-4-2s, have 27.07 ft² The grate area of the inside cylinder 2-6-0 goods engines is 20.56 ft²; that of the Swindon-built 2-8-0s, 27.07 ft²; and that of the. ROD 2-8-0s, 26.25 ft² The 0-6-0s have 15.;45 ft², and the mixed traffic,outside cylinder,2-6-0s, 20.56 sq. ft. The large-boilered 5 ft. 8 in. 2-8-0s have the same grate area as the. Castles,. viz., 30.28 ft², the boiler however, being otherwise bigger than that fitted to the express engines of that class.
In a subsequent article, the superheating of the different types of tank engines will be described. G.J. Churchward, who retired from the position of chief mechanical engineer of the G W. Ry. in 1922, was responsible for the application of superheating on this line down to that year. Since then, his successor, C.B. Collett, O.B.E., has dealt with the matter.

Machines for spring works. 188-9
The railway spring-making trade is very specialised, and little is known of the methods and machines employed by engineers not im- mediately connected with it. From time to time we report new developments, such as, in recent issues the heavy forging machine for the cold preparation of spring plates, by Henry Pels, and the novel steel-frame hooping press by the Leeds Engineering & Hydraulic Co., Ltd. It will doubtless be of interest, therefore, to give a few particulars of recent machinery for this special trade which has recently been produced in Germany. The first illustration (Fig. 1) shows the very latest type of load-testing machine, made to conform to the requirements of the German railways specification by the Company Losenhausenwerk, of Dusseldorf. This machine is suitable for testing laminated or coiled springs, under either static or dynamic loading.

Stephenson's handwriting. 190-1.
Communications between George Stephenson and Michael Longridge.

The Alexandra (Newport & South Wales) Docks and Railway and its locomotives. 191-2. 3 illustrations
In 1905 the railway increased its locomotive stock to enable it work its own coal trains from Pontypridd to Alexandra Docks. The locomotives came from the Mersey Ry., that Company's locomotive stock being then in the market, owing to the conversion of the railway from steam to electric traction. The Mersey Ry. had eighteen engines, of two distinct types; nine being 0-6-4 side tanks with inside cylinders and outside bearings, and nine were 2-6-2 side tanks with outside cylinders and inside bearings. Designed in 1885 to work over grades as severe as 1 in 27, the 0-6-4 engines at that date were the most powerful of their kind in the country. The following list gives particulars of the ten engines sold to the Alexandra Docks and Ry.

With the exception of No. 25, which was built by Kitson & Co., all of the above engines were of Beyer, Peacock & Co.'s construction. As originally built, these engines had the following dimensions:
Both types  coupled wheels: 4 ft. 7 in; boiler pressure 150 psi
 0-6-4T: Cylinders 21 in. x 26 in; total heating surface 1634ft²; grate area 21ft²; adhesive weight 51 tons 11 cwt
2-6-2T:  Cylinders 19½ . x 26 in;; total heating surface 1149ft²; grate area 24½ft² ; adhesive weight 44 tons 7 cwt
When on the Mersey Ry., these engines were fitted with condensing gear, and the footplates had weather-boards instead of the usual cabs, but when they came to Newport the condensing gear was removed and cabs were added. The cylinders were also lined up one inch, the diameter then being 20 in. and 18½in. for the 0-6-4 and 2-6-2 classes respectively. Fig. 11 shows No. 23, a 0-6-4 engine, whilst one of the 2-6-2 class, No. 25, is depicted in Fig. 12. These engines have given every satisfaction in the haulage of heavy coal trains between Pontypridd and Newport. Following the above, two six-coupled double framed saddle tanks were purchased from the G.W.Ry. (old numbers 1679 and 1683; new Nos. 27 and 28. Continued page 226

Technical essays. No. XIII. On steam distribution. 192-3
Lead: the supply of steam to the cylinder when most needed at the point of minimum piston velocity and to neutralise the reversing shock (cushioning). Important in shunting and suburban engines; in the latter to assist acceleration. The clearance volume needs to be as low as possible and a long stroke assists this and long travel working

Ljungstrom turbine locomotive. 193
On 20 May the Beyer Peacock experimental locomotive hauled an up train into St. Pancras.

J.C.M. Rolland. Victorian Railway notes. 194; 195-7. 9 illustrations

New wagons for Anglo-German goods service via the Harwich-Zeebrugge train ferry. 199-200. illustration
Built Wismar Waggon Fabrik

The Institute of Transport, Birmingham Meeting. 202
Congress of the Institute of Transport was held at Birmingham from 18-21 May under the presidency of R.H. Selbie, general manager of the Metropolitan Ry. On 19 May, following a civic welcome to the delegates by A.H. James, the Lord Mayor, two papers were read and discussed: Traffic Control, by Mr. J. H. Follows and Industry and Transport, by George Cadbury. In the afternoon, visits were made by three separate parties to Cadbury's works, Guy Motors, and the L.M.S. Ry. Curzon Street Goods Depot, on the site of the old terminus of the London and Birmingham and Grand Junction Rys. The London and Birmingham Ry. Hotel building is now used as the District Goods Manager's offices. The old station roofs still remain, although additions and alterations have been made. The elaborate boundary wall of the Grand Junction Company's property, also the booking offices, as well as other traces of the old station can be seen. The London and Birmingham Company's station-master's house in the stable yard is at the present time used as a repair shed for wagon tarpaulins. Although the old landmarks are in evidence, the handling of goods is effected on up-to-date lines; electric battery trucks are almost universally employed for loading and unloading. On Friday morning, 20 May E. S. Shrapnell-Smith and W. P. Robinson presented a paper, Highways cost per ton mile of traffic, and Principal Grant Robertson, of the University of Birmingham, gave Transport in England—a brief survey. Both papers were followed by interesting discussions. In the afternoon, a party of members, invited by the L.M.S. Ry. Co., went by special train to Derby to view the Carriage and Wagon Works, where they were conducted round by J. W. Smith, the works manager [KPJ: should this have been W.J. Smith?]. Modern methods of building carriage and wagon stock on ass production lines were in evidence. Various stages of construction were shown from the saw-mill to the paint shop. The timber is cut to templates, and finished to final dimensions before being passed on to the erectors. There are about ten operations of three minutes each in constructing a standard goods wagon, so that a new wagon is turned out every thirty minutes. Hydraulic power tools are used for cramping, and pneumatic for drilling, screwing, bolt-tightening, etc. Carriage building is, arranged on similar "quick production" methods. A bogie composite carriage was erected for the benefit of the visitors in less than twenty minutes, the schedule time. Saturday's programme included a visit to the "Sentinel" Wagon Works, at Shrewsbury. The party were shown the various stages of construction of the "Sentinel" road wagons, as well as the rail-motors and shunting locomotives. A recently built chain-driven standard gauge locomotive was being tested in steam, and the many advantages claimed for this efficient and economical type of locomotive were clearly demonstrated. A large number of vehicles under construction, both road and rail, were seen in the shops, including two fine shunting locomotives, ready for delivery to the Great Southern Rys. of Ireland. The successful organisation of the Congress was effected by the Local Congress Committee, in conjunction with the Headquarters Committee, of which Mr. A. Winter Gray is secretary.

Correspondence. 202-3

The Aerolite: N.E. Ry. F. W. Brewer.
Re R.G. Bleasdale's letter in your issue for December last (p. 407): Bleasdale places the 1851 Aerolite in the same category with Gray's engine of 1840, but this classification is, I think, a mistake, the former having outside cylinders, and the latter engine inside cylinders. Apparently, the deciding factor is that both engines had inside bearings for the driving axle, but this feature, in the case of the Kitson engine, was obviously adopted in consequence of the cylinders being placed outside the frames. Gray's design was copied subsequently in the Jenny Lind, and in other partly outside-framed six-wheeled singles, all with inside cylinders, the inside position for the cylinders being clearly an essential part of the design, quite as much so as the choice of internal frames and bearings for the driving wheels. Engines having outside cylinders cannot, therefore, rightly be classed with Gray's or Wilson's 2-2-2 locomotives of the pattern in question. It might be said, more accurately, that the Aerolite of 1851 was a development of Allan's outside cylinder 2-2-2 engine of 1845, but, personally, I regard the Aerolite as having been of Kitson's—the makers—own design. The six-wheeled single with, inside cylinders and outside frames (for all wheels) was first introduced by the Stephensons in 1833, and, apart from the position of the cylinders, the differences exhibited in the various locomotives of that type which came out afterwards constituted differences and improvements in design, rather than the inventions of a new type. The success of Gray's 2-2-2 engines was attributable to his " horse-leg " expansion gear ; to a liberal amount of heating surface; and to a comparatively high steam pressure. The Jenny Lind, which had the Stephenson motion, not only also had an ample allowance of heating surface, but had a boiler pressure still higher than that of Gray's engines. Hence their popularity. Outwardly, the chief distinguishing features were outside frames and axle-boxes for the leading and trailing wheels, and inside frames and bearings for the driving wheels. But these features, by themselves, counted for little. The plan of disposing the H.P. and L.P. cylinders at different angles was, I believe, adopted by T. W. Worsdell in the case of his 1518 class of 7 ft. 7¼ in. 4-2-2 compound, owing to the large dia. of the cylinders of these engines, viz., 20 in. for the H.P., and 28 in. for the L.P., these cylinders having to be accommodated between the frames. There was formerly one other engine, No. 1619, built by Wilson Worsdell as a two-cylinder compound in 1893, which had the cylinders similarly arranged. The cylinders were of the same size as the 1517" class, and the steam chests were outside the frames. A cross-section which I possess of the later Aerolite, built as a two-cylinder compound, shows the centres of both cylinders to be in the same horizontal plane, there being no necessity, in view of the small sizes of the cylinders, 13 in. and 18½ in. by 20 in., for stepping them. It is probable, however, that Bleasdale did not intend to imply that recourse was had to the stepping arrangement in the case of the Aerolite itself. For starting purposes, all of the Worsdell two-cylinder compounds were provided with the flap-valve referred to by Bleasdale. He will, I thick, on consideration see that the little tank engine Aerolite ," of 1851, which had 11 in. by 22 in. outside cylinders, 581 ft² of heating surface, and a grate area of only 9.8 ft², had nothing in common with Gray's 2-2-2 design, except the inside driving wheel bearings, as that design invariably embodied inside cylinders, so far as I know. Of course, outside frames throughout have been tried in six-wheeled single engines, but only in very few instances.

The Killingworth Locomotive. Robert Young. 203
In an article entitled "Model of Stephenson's Killingworth Locomotive" in the May issue of your magazine, the extraordinary statement is made that the exhaust pipe of the Killingworth engine was fitted with a "blast nozzle." This is a claim which is quite new, and ask for the authority on which the writer bases his assertion. So far as is known no blast nozzle was fitted to any locomotive until Hackworth used it in the Royal George in 1827. Robert Stephenson wrote : "Whatever merit or value may attach to this alteration, I believe to be due to Timothy Hackworth. See Smiles's Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, third volume of Lives of the Engineers, first edition, ,appendix, p. 503. London: John Murray, 1862.

British locomotive builders, past and present. F. W. Brewer. 203
Unless they are already included under a different title, the two following firms ought, perhaps, to be added to the lists published in your issues for April and May : (1). The Millbrook Foundry Co., Southampton ; (2). Christie, Adams & Hill, Thames, Bank Ironworks. These firms supplied one or two locomotives for the L. & S.W.R. The firm first mentioned built a 5 ft. 6 in. 2-2-2 engine, named Southampton, in 1840, and Messrs. Christie delivered, in 1848, six 6 ft 6 in. singles, which bore the names, Rocklin, Avon, Test, Trent, Stour, and Frome, respectively, and which were presumably constructed at the Thames Bank Ironworks. All seven engines were purchased by the L. & S.W.R. Co. Can any reader give us more information about these two locomotive building concerns?

British locomotive builders, past and present. 203
Referring to the alphabetical list of private locomotive building concerns in this country which appeared in the last two issues it has been pointed out to us that the firm of Robert Stephenson & Co. was established by George and Robert Stephenson, Edward Pease and Michael Longridge, and not as stated. Messrs. Hardy Rail Motors Ltd., of 50 Charing Cross, S.W.1, are manufacturers of petrol locomotives at their works at Slough and their name was omitted from our list by an oversight.

Reviews. 203-4

Lubrication and lubricants, by L Archbutt and R. M. Deeley. 5th edition. London : Chas. Griffin & Co. Ltd.
Since this book was written in 1912 great advance has been made in available information regarding the composition, handling and use of lubricating materials, and much progress has been made in the appliances adopted for satisfactory use of them. This issue of a fifth edition has entailed a con-siderable amount of revision, and much of the contents have been re-written to bring them up-to-date. The authors are evidently in possession of a vast amount of information on the subject, and they have utilised a consider-able portion of this in a particularly attractive manner in the different chapters forming this very exhaustive treatise. The composition of various lubricants is examined by analysis, tests are described and methods of investigation clearly explained. In Chapter XI a very complete survey of lubri-cators of almost every known type is given, a great variety are fully illustrated, Chapter XII is devoted to the design and means of lubrication of bearings. In Chapter XIII ball and roller bearings are dealt with, but we note the authors are very cautious in their references to any application to railway rolling stock, presumably the recent adoption on some rail-ways will form matter for a future edition ; such would be very welcome to many railway engineers. We recommend the book as a standard of reference for all interested in power and machinery.

Indian railways : rates and regulations. By N. B. Mehta, Ph.D. London : P. S. King & Son, Ltd. 10/6.
It is interesting to read the views of an Indian writer on the' present position of railways in that country. That the author is thoroughly in favour of the State management of railways is evidenced throughout the book, but as to how far this benefits the commercial public of India appears problematical. Dr. Mehta analyses many of the rates charged on the Indian railways, and favours the establishment of a Rates Advisory Commission to co-operate with the Railway Board in fixing rates for future adoption and control. Mehta's book will be read by transportation authorities with more than ordinary interest.

Round Tours in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, by Railway. From the Railway Information Bureau, 35 Parliament Street, Westminster, S.W.1.
We have received a booklet compiled for the use of visitors to this country, affording information as to opportunities for seeing the beauty spots by circular tours of different lengths, at inclusive fares, which is the result of combined action on the part of the railway companies. Several tours comprise journeys by rail, road and steamer, and in some cases cover more than one company's system; alternative routes in either direction are provided. Break of journey can be made when going or returning at any point en route. The "go-as-you-please" character should appeal to those who have leisure as well as to those whose itinerary is planned to the last moment. There is no better way of seeing Great Britain than by the railway,- which is known to be the last word in comfort, speed and smooth running. Most of the journeys naturally start from London, but some are in operation from Glasgow. A reduction of 25 per cent in the single fares from point to point is made in the through fares, and these are quoted in English money whilst for the convenience of American visitors they are also given in dollars and cents.

The Railway Year Book. London : Railway Publishing Co., Ltd.
With the present issue this useful book of reference enters upon its thirtieth year of publication.

No. 419 (15 July 1927)

Garratt articulated locomotives, Mauritius railways. 205. illustration
Three large Garratt locomotives of entirely new design were ordered by the Crown Agents for the Colonies for the Mauritius Railways, from Beyer, Peacock & Co., Ltd., on 14 December 1926, and they were completed and shipped from Birkenhead on 30 April 1927, nineteen weeks from receipt of the order.

L.M. & S. Rv. appointments. 205
Officially notified of the following appointments :- W. Land to be assistant to superintendent of motive power, chief general superintendent's office, Crewe. W. Paterson to be assistant to superintendent of motive power, Derby. W. F. BJake to be assistant to superintendent of motive power, Derby. H. D. Atkinson to be assistant to superintendent of motive power, Derby. O. E. Kinsman to be assistant, motive power staff section, Derby. R. C Morris to be district locomotive superintendent's assistant, Devons Road, Bow. G. F. Horne to be district locomotive superintendent's assistant. Newton Heath.

United Dairies Ltd. 205
Applied for permission to construct a light railway at Finchley to bring milk to London in specially constructed glass-lined tank wagons.

Four-cylinder 4-6-0 express locomotive, Great Western Ry. 206-7. 3 illustrations.
King class: King George V illustrated. ** The tender is of the self-trimming type, and is equipped with water pick-up apparatus. It carries 6 tons of coal and 4,000 gallons of water, and weighs 46 tons 14 cwt. full, Probably this will be replaced with a tender fitted with automatic couplers, air brake, etc., for service in America. Total weight of engine and tender is 135 tons 14 cwt.
Computed on the usual formula at 85 per cent. boiler pressure, the tractive effort of the new engine is 40,300 lb., this being higher than that of any other passenger locomotive in the country, and compares with 31,625 lb. 'for the previous "Castle" type of four-cylinder engine. The new engine was on view at Paddington Station on the 30th ulto. and 1 st inst., and was inspected by a large number of the general public. No. 6001, "King Edward VII," the second engine of the new class, is now stationed at Old Oak Sheds. The older four-cylinder engines named after kings, will now be renamed. We notice No. 4021, " King Edward," is now named "The British Monarch," 4022 "The Belgian Monarch" and 4026 "The Japanese Monarch."
We understand that No. 6000, when in the United States will take part in the largest and most complete outdoor historic railway pageant ever displayed, the chief attraction of the Baltimore and Ohio Centenary celebration, to be held between September 24th and October 9th. The centenary grounds are at Halethorpe, near to the city of Baltimore close by the railroad and the Baltimore- Washington highway. The reconstructed broad gauge engine "North Star," which was exhibited at Darlington and Wembley, is also to be sent to America for the Baltimore and Ohio Centenary celebrations.

London, Midland & Scottish Railway (L. & N.W. Section). 207
The new 2-6-0s er-Crewe were out up to No. 13062, those numbered from 13050 onwards being Midland Division engines. Further, class 4, 0-6-0s had been delivered and put into traffic as follows :-Nos. 4351-6 ex Kerr, Stuart & Co. (these completing their order for twenty-five engines), and Nos. 4366-7 ex A. Barclay & Sons. Class G simple 0-8-0s, Nos. 9073, 9101 and 9103 (old Nos. 1245, 1464 and 1570) and class B compound No, 8948 (old No. 918) had been converted to class G1 and superheated.
Five ex-L. & Y. 4-6-4 Baltic tank engines had been transferred to this section for service in the Manchester district, viz., Nos. 11110-4. With the exception of No. 11601, which is a service vehicle in use at the Horwich works, all the (late) L. & Y. 0-6-2 tank engines of class 22 were attached to this section, their numbers being 11600, 11602-619 and 11621. They are worked in the Preston district. Recent withdrawals at Crewe included the 6 ft. 6 in. engine No. 749 Mercury also the following :-4 ft. 6 in. passenger tanks Nos. 298, 825 and 977; 4 ft. 3 in. coal side tanks Nos. 753, 2354 and 2479; and 4 ft. 3 in. coal class Nos. 2347, 3150 and 3394. Latest 5 ft. 5 in. outside cylinder tank engines to be broken up at Bow were Nos. 2811, 2823 and 2832.

Chicago, Miilwaukee & St. Paul R.R. 207
The locomotives employed in hauling the Pioneer Limited, were painted a bright orange yellow, the same colour as the cars forming the train. The colour scheme is very similar to that which was adopted for the engines of the old L.B. & S.C.R. here, except that the yellow is deeper in tint, the maroon of the framing darker, and the lining less elaborate. For the train service a total of 127 cars is required, and all have been equipped with roller bearings; 64 belong to the Railway Co., and 63 to the Pullman Co. This is the most extensive adoption of roller bearings on fast passenger service we are aware of and should yield some interesting results.

Cornish Riviera. 207
The summer services timetable of the Great Western Ry. show the up Cornish Riviera express from Penzance at 10-00. as running without stop from Plymouth (North Road) at 12-30 . to Paddington, where it is due at 16-45. For many years it had called at Exeter to attach carriages. When first started, over twenty years ago, this train ran mom-stop from Plymouth via Bristol.

Articulated locomotives, South African Railways. 208-9. illustratiion
Union type built by Maffei of Munich: design combined Garratt and Modified Fairlie concepts and was built under Maffei-Beyer Peacock Patents

Tank locomotive for brewery, 209. illustration
Orionally commenced as a petrol locomotive of similar power to what it now was, as steam the neat little machine illustrated was in service at one of the large breweries in Burton-on-Trent. It was under construction at the works of Baguley (Engineers) Ltd., of Burton, but, due to the outbreak of war, the internal combustion engine which was ordered for it could not be supplied, being commandeered for war purposes, .and as none of the contractors could supply tank engmes for the same reason, and one was urgently wanted by the present owners, Baguley decided to complete the locomotive as a 0-4-0 steam engine. They had all the material in stock with the exception of the firebox and tubes, which had to be of steel instead of the ordinary copper and brass, which was unobtainable.
The reason for putting the valve motion outside was that in the case of a four-wheeled tank engine, owing to the overhang of the firebox to give clearance for the eccentrics if inside, the distribution of weight would be very bad. 'With an outside valve motion the firebox can be kept close up to the axle, and makes a very much better running locomotive. It is of the standard gauge with 13-in. cylinders with an 18-in. stroke; wheels 3 ft. 5 in. dia.; wheel- base 7 ft.; heating surface-tubes 480 ft²., firebox 48 ft²., total 528 ft².; grate area 9 ft²t.; working pressure 150 psi, relieved by duplex Ramsbottom safety valve. The boiler barrel was 3 ft. 3 in. dia. by 9 ft. long; firebox 3 ft. 9 in. long by 3 ft. 6 in. wide. There were 112 solid drawn steel tubes 1¾in. dia. outside by 12 W.G. Capacity of saddle tank, 500 gallons of water; coal bunker at the side of the cab of 25 cubic feet capacity. In running order the weight is 22 tons. Indebted to Major E.E. Baguley for the photograph and particulars.

Trichlorethylene. 209
Used successfully in Germany for degreasing motion parts and other details of locomotives brought in for repair. It is used as a substitute for benzene as it is cheaper and does not corrode. Trichlorethylene does not mix with water, and can be separated from the oil by slightly superheated steam with recovery of both the trichlorethylene and the oil. The parts are put in revolving wire baskets and treated for ten or fifteen- minutes with the trichlorethylene vapours, being kept hot and allowed to cool ; the liquid is distilled. The trichlorethylene only removes the grease; rust and dirt are afterwards removed by revolving wire brushes.

L. & N.E.R. appointments, 209
Following the recent announcement that F.W. Wintour, assistant mechanical engineer (Southern Area) of the L.N.E.R., would retire from the service on 31 July, and that R.A. Thom had been appointed mechanical engineer, Doncaster, it was officially informed that the under-mentioned appointments had also been made in the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Department of the London and North Eastern Railway, to operate from 1 August 1927; T.E. Heywood, district mechanical engineer, Gorton, to be mechanical engineer, Scotland, in succession to Thom; R.A. Copperthwaite, locomotive workshops manager, North Eastern area, to be assistant mechanical engineer, Darlington; E. Thompson, carriage and wagon workshops manager, North Eastern area, to be assistant mechanical engineer, Stratford; F.W. Carr, carriage and wagon works manager, York, to be works manager, locomotive shops, Darlington; A.H. Peppercorn, carriage and works manager, Doncaster, to be carriage and wagon works manager, York; W. H. Brown, wagon works manager, Doncaster, to be carriage and wagon works manager, Doncaster. S. Gearing, assistant district locomotive superintendent, Peterborough, succeeded H. Jackson as district locomotive superintendent of the Lincolnshire district as from 30 June.

G.W.R. 209
A. C. Cookson had been appointed stores superintendent, Swindon, on the retirement of H. Deans. . A. W. H. Christison succeeded O. Barker as divisional locomotive superintendent, Newton Abbot, who had retired from the railway service.

Rebuilt tank locomotive, Southern Ry. 210-11. illustration, diagram (side & front elevations)
E1/R 0-6-2T rebuilt from LBSCR E1 class 0-6-0T for use on the Bere Alston and East Cornwall line with sharp curves, steep gradients and light track. Nos. 94 and 95 (latter illustrated).

Garratt locomotives on the Trans-Zambesia Ry. 211. 2 illustrations
Main ddimensions supplied by Beyer Peacock, but lacks Whyte notation. Photograph of one outside Murraca Workshp and one crossing Zangwe Bridge with 750 ton train

A. Jacquet, Goods locomotive Type 36, Belgian National Railway Company. 212-14. illustration, diagram (side elevation)
2-10-0 designed by J.B. Flamme for Brussels (Schaerbeek to Arlon line). Mentions double chimney designed and fitted by Legein: see also page 8.

Institution of Locomotive Engineers visit to Doncaster Works, L. & N.E.R. 214-15.
Also covered in J. Instn Loco. Engrs., 1927, 17, 476. This account notes group photograph in front of Pacific Robert the Devil but does not reproduce it & precis thereat fails to note that Wintour was granted honorary membership of the Institution and that the return run to King's Cross on the 18.21 with the extra coaches and weighing over 500 tons was reached at 21.25.

Centenary of the first railway in France. 216-17. illustration.

Summer train services—names of L.M.S.R. trains. 217-18.

The Canadian National Rys. New locomotives for express passenger and fast freight service. 219-20. illustration.

British Standards for locomotives. 220 

R.H. Inness,  (unattributed): Stockton & Darlington Railway locomotive history, 1825-1876. 221-2. 2 diagrams (side elevation drawings)
Continued from page 124. Two six-wheeled, four-coupled passenger engines with outside cylinders, driving on the rear pair of coupled wheels, Nos. 78 Lonsdale and 79 Carlisle, were of the" long boiler patent" type built by Robert Stephenson & Co., very similar to four previously supplied by the same builders to the Newcastle and Berwick Ry. in 1847. These two engines were purchased second-hand by the Stockton and Darlington Ry. in March, 1854. Fig. No. 43 shows the general appearance of both. The cylinders were 15 in. dia. by 22 in. stroke, the position of which upon the frames is worthy of note; the coupled wheels were 6 ft. dia. and the leading 3 ft. 8 in. dia. The total wheelbase was 14 ft. 0½ in., leading axle, centre to centre of middle axle, 7 ft. 9 in. ; middle axle centre to driving or trailing centre, 6 ft. 3½ in. The boiler barrel was 3 ft. 6 in. dia. by 13 ft. 8 in. in length; the firebox was 3 ft. 10 in. long by 4 ft. 2 in. wide; the steam pressure was 100 psi. The tenders ran upon six wheels with a dia. of 3 ft. 8 in. on a wheelbase of 10 ft. equally divided; the tank capacity was 1,200 gallons, and provision was made for carrying 3 tons of coal. The weight of these engines in working order was 28 tons 1 cwt., the total weight of engine and tender was about 44 tons 5 cwt. At a later date the two engines were supplied with coupled wheels 5 ft. 3 in. in dia. and the cylinders increased to 15¾ in. dia. No. 78 Lonsdale was withdrawn in 1870 and No. 79 Carlisle in 1875.
No. 80 The Duke, was a powerful six-coupled banking engine of the long boiler type with outside cylinders, designed specially by Wm. Bouch, for banking mineral trains over the severe gradients on the S. & D. system in the South Durham colliery district. The Duke, illustrated in Fig. 44, was built by the Shildon Works Co. and put into traffic in May, 1854, and possessed many peculiar features in its design. The cylinders were 18 in. dia. by 18 in. stroke, with transverse centres 5 ft. 9 in.; the motion or guide bars were 2 ft. 2 in. apart and of a Vee section; forged iron crossheads with cast-iron shoes were fitted. The connecting rods were 6 ft. 5 in. in length and had holes 1 ft. 7 in. dia. in the front portion to enable the crank pins in the. leading wheels to pass through, the coupling rods being on the outside, whilst the connecting rods were next the wheel, thus keeping the transverse centres of the cylinders as close as possible. Link motion was fitted with expansion links of the box type, .the backway eccentrics drove a pair of short stroke pumps for feeding the boiler. The wheels were 3 ft. 11in. dia., the journals of the axles were of ample size, 7 in. dia. by 9 in. long. A noteworthy feature was the method of supporting the engine upon three springs, for the leading and driving wheels a pair of springs, 5 ft. centres, twenty-two plates, 4 in. wide by ½ in. thick, carried in hoops secured to the frames, whilst the ends rested in buckles, one end of which worked in a guide upon the frame, whilst the other end transmitted the weight of the engine on the axlebox; the trailing end was supported by a transverse spring 3 ft. 11 in. in length with eighteen plates 4 in. wide by 3/8 in. thick. The total wheelbase was 10 ft. equally divided. The boiler barrel was 4 ft. dia. and had a length of 13 ft., and built up in six rings with single riveted lap joints, of Low Moor iron 3/8 in. thick; there were 158 2-in. dia. Low Moor iron tubes. The firebox casing was 4 ft. in length and built up of ½ -in. plates; the width of the casing for a distance of 18 in. from the throat plate was 4 it. 31 in. to allow it to fit in between the trailing wheels, behind the wheels the firebox was 5 ft. 3 in. wide. The copper firebox had a length of 3 ft. 4½ in., with a 4-in. water space was fitted. The greatest width was 4 ft. 8 in. and the height 5 ft. 8 in., a midfeather steam pressure was 120 lb. per sq. in. A six-wheeled tender was provided, with wheels 3 ft. 6 in. dia upon a wheelbase of 10 ft. equally divided. The weight of the engine in working order was 31 tons 1 cwt., the total weight of engine and tender was about 47 tons 5 cwt. The Duke remained in traffic until 1882.
Illustrations: Fig. 43. 2·4·0 Passenger engines, Nos. 78, Lonsdale and 79, Carlisle, Stockton & Darlington Ry; Fig. 44 No. 80 The Duke

New electric stock, Metropolitan Railway. 222.
A new train of seven carriages for the Baker Street-Watford service, which will be the standard for electric stock on the Metropolitan Ry. extension lines in future, has been built by the Metropolitan Railway Carriage, Wagon & Finance Co., Ltd., with electric equipment supplied by the Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co., Ltd. It is the most powerful electric train in this country, and will attain a speed of 30 miles an hour in a less number of seconds, with a maximum speed of 65 miles per hour. It has a horse-power of over 2,500, and a tractive effort on starting of 30,600 lb. The carriages are of the compartment type, and seats are provided for 482 passengers, as compared with 318 in the older trains. The control apparatus has been installed in a compartment adjoining the driver's cab. The lighting has been increased, and the seating arrangements improved. Special attention has been paid to the springing of the coaches to ensure smooth running.
It is expected to make the journey from Baker Street to Watford within half an hour when the new trains are in operation.

The 10 a.m. ex. Euston, L.M.S. Ry. 222
Several readers had written in regard to the notes on the picture given with the May issue, showing the 10-0 a.m. train ex Euston passing Oxenholme. The statement that the L.M.S. West Coast route is easy as far as Carnforth, is disputed. It is not generally realised that the Warrington-Preston section has some stiff gradients. On the up line there is over a mile of 1 in 95 just south of Preston, followed by considerable lengths of 1 in 105 and 1 in 110 between there and Euxton junction, The Coppull bank out of Wigan on the down line is at 1 in 100 for several miles, and between Warrington and Wigan there are numerous pitfalls; there are places in the Wigan neighbourhood where the rails are picked up 2 ft. in a year. The Preston-Euxton stretch is very crowded owing to Manchester-Blackpool traffic. On the Preston-Lancaster section, too the start out of Preston is on a grade of 1 in 9S for half a mile round a sharp curve, with numerous crossings, and it is difficult for a heavy train to get going, or even a non-stop to pick up after slackening through the station. The start out of Lancaster on the up line is at 1 in 95 for over a mile also.
Another correspondent assures us it is the Edinburgh portion of the 10-0 a.m. from Euston shown in the photograph, and not the preceding Glasgow portion. From the engine may be seen the Birmingham-Edinburgh composite brake, then a five coach set for Edinburgh, then three coaches for Aberdeen, and last a composite brake for Dundee; total, 10 vehicles, making a probable load with passengers and luggage of 320 to 325 tons, and not the 350 tons stated by us. It is also hardly accurate to speak of the short section from Grayrigg to Tebay troughs as. "down hill"; there is one very short stretch of 1 in 200 down, terminating before Low Gill station, after which the line is barely easier than level until the final Shap ascent begins. Our correspondent also contends that the Claughton four-cylinder 4-6-0 engines are just as extensively used on this section, as the more powerful engines of Mr. Hughes' design.

Great Western Ry. 222
All lining out was omitted from the painting of Great Western Ry. carriage stock.

Heavy electric locomotives of the Swiss Federal Rys, 223-4. illustation, diagram (side elevation)
Built by Swiss Locomotive Co. at Winterthur with electric equipment by Brown Boveri

Questions and answers. 224-5

No. 85.-Are the Egyptian State Rys. "Prairie" tank and " Atlantic" type engines provided with limited admission, and if not, why the auxiliary ring of 3/8 in. wide ports in the steam chest liners, and why the unusually large section of piston rods, slide-bars, etc.?
A.-We have no precise information as to the valve settings of the engines you mention, but think it extremely unlikely that they work on the "limited cut-off" principle.
Regarding the section of the piston rods and slide bars, while the size of the piston rods can, of course, be arrived at by calculation, it often happens that with details of this character actual dimensions are decided according to the individual views of the designers. It is quite possible that such matters as interchangeability of piston packing, etc., might determine this dimension. So far as the size of the slide bars is concerned, you will appreciate that large wearing surfaces are always advantages, and especially is this the case in hot countries.

No. 86.-1 have seen it stated in The Locomotive that limited admission is unsuitable for high-speed engines. How is this, since the effect is obtained only'-ut starting?
A.-Limited cut-off as such, is not unsuitable for high speed engines. There is, however, obviously a constructional point to consider, which is, that a locomotive having a given rated tractive effort and operating with a restricted full gear cut-off must have either larger cylinders or a higher boiler pressure than one exerting the same tractive effort at a longer rate of admission in order to provide an equal mean effec- tive pressure. Such being the case it will be apparent that the piston loads for the limited cut-off engine will be higher. This in turn means somewhat heavier motion parts, the increased weight of which will be reflected in the balance required in the wheel rims. This increase in the weight of the balance weights, while not detrimental in the case of the comparatively slow-moving freight engine, might be considered a disadvantage for high-speed locomotives.
Regarding your remarks as to the effect of limited admission being obtained only at starting, this is not understood by us. Limiting the maximum rate of cut-off means, as we have already pointed out, either larger cylinders or higher boiler pressure compared with an engine of similar power working at a longer maximum admission rate. From this it follows that the engine, having the larger cylinders, furnishes a given power at a given speed at shorter admission rates than an engine as ordinarily designed, and therefore any given power is furnished at a lower steam rate per horse-power hour. The effect of the limited cut-off is therefore evident at any speed and any rate of working.

No. 87.-Give a diagram and short description of the Young valve gear.
A.-We refer you to Locomotive Valves and Valve Gears, by Yoder & Wharen in which you will find on page 196 an illustration and a short reference made to the Young valve gear. This motion is generally designed on the lines of the well-known Walschaerts gear, the principal difference being that the expansion links are oscillated directly by a connection to the crossheads; thus the eccentric rod and return crank used in connection with the Walschaerts motion are eliminated. The arrangement is such that each piston causes valve movement equal to lap plus lead on its own side and valve travel on the opposite side. Several advantages are claimed for this gear as com- pared with the Walschaerts motion, but we doubt whether they can be sustained in practice. Further reference will be found to this motion in The Locomotive Encyclopcedia.

Vacuum brake on freight trains in India. Celer et Adax. 225

The Alexandra Newport & South Wales Docks and Railway and its locomotives. 226
Continued from page 192. In 1908, three engines, of a class entirely different from any other then running on this railway, made its appearance from the Kilmarnock works of Andrew Barclay, Sons & Co. numbered 29 to 31 (WN 1154 to 1156), they were 0-6-2 saddle tanks with outside cylinders (Fig. 14). Intended, like the ex-Mersey Ry. engines, for main line coal trains, they were built to the following dimensions:-
Cylinders 18 in. by 26 in.
Diameter. of wheels, coupled 4 ft. 3 in.
trailing  3 ft. 0 in. .
Wheelbase, rigid  12 ft. 6 in.
total 18 ft. 6 in.
Dia. of boiler 4 ft. 5 in.
Tubes, No. and diameter. 192: 1¾ in
Heating surface, tubes 1,052 ft².
firebox 96 ft².
total 1148 ft².
Working pressure 160 psi
Water capacity 1,200 gallons
Coal 3 tons.
Weight in working order 53 tons.
Two further engines were purchased from the G.W. Ry. in October, 1912, and given the numbers 32 and 33. The former was a 0-6-0 side tank with outside cylinders and previously bore G.W. Ry. No. 1356 and the name Will Scarlett. This engine had an interesting history, having been built in 1873 by Fletcher, Jennings &  Co. ( WN 122), for the Severn and Wye Ry. When that railway was absorbed jointly by the G.W. and Midland Rys. in 1894, the engine was taken into G.W. stock and in due course received a new boiler at Swindon Works. When it came to Newport it still carried the name Will Scarlett, but this was removed some time afterwards. This engine, which has 16 in. by 24 in. cylinders and 4 ft. wheels, illustrated in Fig. 15.
No. 33, formerly No. 993 of the G.W. Ry., is one of a very numerous class of small 0-6-0 saddle tanks on the last-named line, with 16 in. by 24 in. cylinders and 4 ft. 1½ in. wheels. The heating surface was 980.75 ft². ; the working pressure 150 psi and the grate area 11.16 ft²
The next addition to stock was a 0-4-2 side tank engine, intended to replace the rail motors on the passenger service between Pontypridd (Tram Road) and Caerphilly (extended to Machen from 1 January1917). This engine was numbered 14 (which number had been blank since 1906, when old No. 14 was broken up) and was previously No. 1426 of the G.W. Ry., built at Wolverhampton in 1877. Known as the 517 class on the G.W. Ry., these engines had cylinders 16 in. by 24 in., four-coupled wheels 5 ft. 2 in. in diameter and a pair of 3-ft. 8-in. trailers. The working pressure was 140 psi the grate area 15 ft². and the total weight 40¤ tons, of which 27 tons available for adhesive purposes.
Four additional engines, Nos. 34 to 37, were put to work in 1919-20. Nos. 34 and 35 are 0-6-0 side tanks of Kerr, Stewart & Co.'s construction, built at Stoke-on-Trent in 1917 for the Railway Operating Department and disposed of at the termination of hostilities. As will be seen from Fig. 16, they were very smart looking machines and had the following principal dimensions:-Cylinders, 17 in. by 24 in.; coupled wheels, 4 ft. in diameter; wheelbase, 12 ft. ; heating surface, 1,145 sq. ft.; grate area, 20t sq. ft. ; working pressure, 220 psi; water capacity, 900 gallons, total weight, 50 tons. Engines Nos. 36 and 37 will be illustrated and described in the next instalment of these articles. Illustrations: Fig. 14. 0-6-2 saddle tank locomotive, No. 31,Fig. 15. 0-6-0 side tank locomotive, No. 32, Fig. 16. 0-6-0 side tank locomotive, No. 35 Continued page xxx,

Burnishing the journals for locomotives, carriages & wagons. 227-8. 4 illustrations
Tests at the official testing laboratory at Gottingen showed that the Krupp of Essen apparatus reduced the incidence of hot beatings

Romney, Hythe & Dymchurch Ry. 228
Announcement of formal opening on 16 July at 15.00 by Earl Beauchamp, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports at Hythe Station

T.H. Sanders. Springs with auxiliary arrangements. 228-31. 5 diagrams
Load deflection behaviour for several types of spring including some for automobiles and trucks on roads.

Southern Ry. 231
Leatherhead: old South Western Railway station closed and traffic transferred to Brighton section station via new viaduct. Riddlesdown statiion opened between Sanderstead and Upper Warlingham stations.

Factors in the design of steam locomotives. Section II. Combustion: firegrate and smokebox. 231-3.
Considers wide grates with areas in excess of 40 ft².; fuel combustion and quality, draughting; dampers,

C.A. Cardew. Influence of driving wheel diameter upon the steam consumption and overall economy of the steam locomotive. 233-4.
Higher piston speeds lead to higher thermal efficiency as demonstrated in Willans tests on stationary engines; but higher piston speeds lead to increased friction of crank pins, crosshead slides and pistons; large wheels lead to less vibration and less stress to the track, and to less hammer blow on bridges and other structures. The work of Goss at Purdue University is mentioned

Light shunting tractors. 235. illustration
Mercury tractors with petrol engine made by Bramco of Birmingham.

Axleboxes of Anglo-German wagons, Harwich-Zeebrugge train ferry. 236. diagram
Wissmar Waggon Fabrik

Recent accidents. 236-7.
Southern Railway: 4 November 1926 near Bramshot Halt: collision due to deceased driver failing to observe signals: Col. Pringle investigated. Also accidents at  Fenchurch Street collision  between LMS train hauled by 4-4-2T and  LNER 2-4-2T type due to driver of the light engine being misled by an incorrect clear indication given by the disc signal controlling movements from the middle road according to Major Halll.  Two collisions occurred just outside Hull Paragon station within nine days. The first, on 5 February was caused by the 11.45 a.m. L.M. & S. R. excursion train from Halifax over-running the signals at Park Street box, and coming into side-long collision with the 12.59 p.m. passenger train from Hornsea, which was approaching the station at the same time. The excursion train was drawn by engine No. 136 (L. & N.W.R. Prince of Wales class) which, with its six-wheeled tender, weighed 107 tons, whilst that of the Hornsea train was L. and N.E.R. No. 1703, 0-4-4 type tank, weighing 541 tons, the loads of the trains being ten and eight bogie coaches respectively. Both engines and most of the coaches were more or less damaged, but fortunately personal injuries were slight, only two passengers in the Hornsea train and one in the excursion being involved. Lt.-Col. Hall states that the mishap was due to the misreading of the signals by the pilot driver of the excursion train, who was well acquainted with them, and is therefore solely responsible for the occurrence. The second collision, on 14 February was more serious:, the 08.22 passenger train from Withernsea colliding head-on with the 09.05 from Hull to Scarborough, near West Parade Junction signalbox, with the unfortunate result that eight passengers were killed outright, four others died in hospital, whilst twenty-four suffered serious and twenty-two minor injuries, all four enginemen being also injured. Col. Pringle, after a very exhaustive inquiry, found that both trains were properly signalled, and that the collision was due to the Scarborough train having been diverted to the incoming track on which the Withernsea train was approaching, owing to the premature moving of the points leading to that track by a signalman in Park Street box, which he found by experiment it was just possible to accomplish after the replacing of the starting signal and before the bogie wheels of the engine reached them. All points and signals controlled from Paragon station and Park Street boxes have been operated electro-pneumatically since 1905, the installation having worked with entire satisfaction ever since, and the Inspector does not think that this accident, or the previous one of February 5th, was in any way caused by un-necessary complications of lay-out add crossings.

List of British locomotive builders. 237
Our attention has been drawn to the omission of Messrs. Parfitt & Jenkins, of Cardiff, who built thirteen six-coupled saddle tank engines for the Marquis of Bute for the Cardiff Docks, and which were described in the LOCOMOTIVE in Vol. XXX., in the serial articles on the Cardiff Railway.

Correspondence.

The "Gladstones" F.W. Brewer. 237
It is greatly to the credit of the Stephenson Society and the Southern Ry. Company that they have been jointly instrumental in preventing the original member of this famous class of express locomotives from being scrapped. The question respecting the use of leading wheels as large as 6 ft. 6 in. in dia. seems to have arisen only in the case of this particular class, yet the "Gladstones " were preceded by six very similar 0-4-2's, which also had 6 ft. 6 in. driving wheels, and which were turned out at Brighton from 1878 to 1880. These earlier large-wheeled examples had, however, smaller cylinders, and smaller boilers, than were those of the " Gladstones." Like the latter, these prototypes were designed by Stroudley for working the 08.45 train from Brighton to London, and consequently they ranked as express engines. The success of their much better known, and far more efficient successors, the Gladstones themselves, was undoubtedly very largely due to the latter having comparatively big boilers, and a liberal amount of heating surface and grate area, features which were by no means common in 1882, when the engine now preserved at York first came out. Indeed, in these respects, the Gladstone compares very favourably with the first series of the Caledonian Ry. 4-4-0 Dunalastairs, of 1896, which also had 18¼ in. by 26 in. cylinders, 6 ft. 6 in. four-coupled wheels, and a grate area of 20.63 ft² The boilers were 4 ft. 81 in. by 10 ft. 3½ in., and had a total heating surface of 1,403.23 ft², the corresponding details of the " Gladstones " being 4 ft. 6 in. by 10 ft. 2 in., and the total heating surface (grate area 20.65 ft²), 1,492.10 ft² The pressure carried by the Dunalastairs was 160 lb., or 20 lb. higher than that of the Gladstone, which, in 1882, had the then fairly common figure of 140 lb., but some of the later engines of this series had 150 lb.
The plan of placing the coupling-rod crank pins on the same side as the main cranks, instead of at an angle of 180 deg., was a favourite one with Stroudley, who first employed it when on the Highland Ry., in 1866. Dean adopted the same practice in the case of at least four classes of passenger engines on the Great Western Ry., from about 1888, and S.D. Holden also tried it in the 4-6-0s which were designed by him in 1911 for the Great Eastern line*. Otherwise, the practice remained, and still remains, an unusual one. Stroudley argued that, with his method, all the stresses were in accord, whereas, in the case of the ordinary plan, they were in opposition.

•Note.—This is not strictly accurate. The original engines of this class, turned out during S.D. Holden's regime, were built in the ordinary way with coupling rod crankpins at 180° to those of the main cranks, and there are five engines running thus. The remainder of the class, however, about 65 in number, have the crank arrangement described by Mr. Brewer, but were all built subsequently under the superintendence of the late A.J. Hill.

Railway pictures, films, etc. 237
As usual, there are a few railway pictures to be found in the Royal Academy's Exhibition this year. Artists do not appear to be able to find nearly as much interest in the "Iron horse" as they do in the "Iron ship"; railway subjects do not appeal to them,. notwithstanding the amount of romance that has been woven around the "steel track." No. 174 "Brigton," by Robert Houston, shows a passenger train in the near foreground, but the exact ownership is difficult to decipher. No. 559 "Through the marshes," by Stanhope A. Forbes, RA., is equally difficult to locate or say on which railway the scene is to be found. In No. 458 "The L.N.E.R. Musical Society at Queen's Hall," by F. W. Elwell, the artist is evidently much more at home, and gives a very realistic impression. An etching by a lady artist, Marjorie Sherlock, of "Waterloo," gives a very lifelike picture of the modern station, as we know it to-day, with a train's arrival.

Reviews.  238

Elementary electrical engineering, A.E. Clayton and H.J. Shelley. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
A full and exhaustivetreatise on the many principles involved in •• the plant. and apparatus required in various electric engineering propositions, written in sufficiently elementary language as to be readily understood by the ordinary reader of mechanical journals, etc., has been a long-felt want, and we welcome the volume mentioned above as a very useful addition to the book shelf of any student of engineering. Generators, motors, alternating current transformers, measuring instruments, secondary batteries, distribution panels, lamps, etc., are all fully dealt with, numerous diagrams and illustrations being used to assist in the descriptive letterpress.
A number of specimen problems of a practical character are given in a series of examples at the end of the book and form excellent tests for students to practice their knowledge derived from perusal. We recommendj the book to all those desirous of getting first hand knowledge of electrical engineering.

Some railway problems of to-day and their solution. London: The Sentinel Waggon Works, Ltd., Railway Department,
The present day need of a light, efficient and economical tractor to deal with traffic in sparsely populated districts, and to enable the railways to effectively meet the competition of the road motor, deserves the railwayman's earnest attention. The advent of the light rail coach has placed a means of meeting this road competition in the hands of the railway companies, and the great success of the Sentinel steam car in this country and abroad, has been speedily recognised. The engine of this car differs very materially from the ordinary small locomotive usually employed, and owes its efficiency largely to the method of steam distribution, which is by means of tappet valves actuated from a cam shaft. Both the boiler shell and firebox are cylindrical, there being no flat surfaces requiring stays. Tubes set in spiral corrugations in the firebox shell give a rapid and thorough circulation of the water, while the fact that these are water and not fire tubes, their ends are not subject to flame corrosion; firing is carried out through a centre chute. Steam can be raised in 45 minutes, and the boiler is capable of an output of 2,000 lb. of steam per hour at a pressure of 275 psi on a consumption rate of 9 lb. of steam per lb. of coal. The railcar is also constructed on novel lines, and is not merely a body mounted on the ordinary frame, but a unit in which the sides and roof are integral parts of the whole structure, the result being a total weight of only 20 to 25 tons including the power unit. Ample evidence of the economical operating costs of the Sentinel-Cammell cars and their ability to provide frequent services, is afforded by a study of this book. Well illustrated and printed, it will be studied with value by all who are interested in problems of railway transport, especially in regard to the provision of cheap and efficient means of working.

The Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway, illustrated. London: The Locomotive Publishing Co., Ltd.
This booklet gives a full account of the construction, rolling stock and equipment of this interesting 15 in. gauge railway in Kent, the smallest public railway in the world. The line will be opened for traffic on the 16th inst., and this little publication will form a very useful and handy guide for the many who will travel over this miniature railway during the holiday season. A double track is provided for the eight mile run from New Romney to Hythe, with well-built stations of artistic design, and up-to-date signalling arrangements. There are eight locomotives in service, of various types, and all particulars are given in this handbook. A well produced illustration in colour of the Pacific type engine, Green Goddess, is shown on the cover.

Canadian Pacific Railway. 238
In connection with the sixtieth anniversary of Confederation on 1 July 1927, the Canadian Pacific Railway has published a beautifully illustrated booklet, entitled Canada's Diamond Jubilee. The text is by Keith Morris, and describes the growth and development of the Dominion during the last sixty years.

Trade notices and catalogues received. 238

Variable delivery pumps.
Booklet issued by the Variable Speed Gear Ltd., of 6, Broadway, Westminster, S.W.1. deals with the improved design of pump which they have developed specially to meet present day commercial requirements. Two types of pumps are described-lever or wheel controlled to give variable delivery at pressure up to the maximum at which the relief valves are set, and automatic pressure controlled to give a predetermined pressure range controlled automatically by the pressure of the fluid in circulation. Typical examples of some industrial uses are - Hydraulically-operated presses, shears, riveters, lifts, bascule bridges, auxiliary steering gear units, control systems, etc. In a pumping set for press work, only an electric motor and a variable delivery pump with automatic control are required, the discharge pipe leading to the operating valve on the press and the return pipe to the tank which supplies the pump. The usual cumbrous accumulator is thereby dispensed with and the pressure main reduced to a minimum.

Bridgeport Brass Co., of Bridgeport, Conn., U.S.A. 238
Set of prints published illustrating the History of Railroading and History of Street Railways in the USA., as particularly applicable to roads now using "Phone wire" of this company's manufacture.

North British Locomotive Co. Ltd.,
Advertising the Atlas Works (formerly Sharp, Stewart & Co.) for sale.

L.M. & S.R. 238
In addition to the fifty 0-6-0 side tank engines ordered from the Vulcan Foundry, Ltd., twenty-five are to be built by the Hunslet Engine Co., Ltd., and twenty-five by Wm. Beardmore & Co., Ltd.

Central Argentine Ry. 238
Ten 2-8-2 tender locomotives are to be constructed for this railway by Robert Stephenson and Co., Ltd.

Buenos Aires Great Southern Ry. 238
An order has been placed for twelve Garratt locomotives of the 4-8-2 + 2-8-4 type, 5 ft. 6 in. gauge with Beyer, Peacock & Co., Ltd.

Sudan Government Rys. 238
North British Locomotive Co., Ltd., received an order for ten tender locomotives of the 4-6-2 type. These are to be shipped without being dismantled.

The Egyptian State. Railways. 238
Placed contracts for forty locomotives with the North British Locomotive Co., and for twenty with Sir W.G. Armstrong, Whitworth and Co. Ltd.

Kenya and Uganda Railways. 238
The Crown Agents for the Colonies have placed an order with Beyer, Peacock and Co. Ltd. for twelve metre-gauge Garratt Locomotives of the 4-8-2 + 2-8-4 type.

No. 420 (15 August 1927)

4-6-0 three-cylinder express passenger engines, L.M. & S. Ry the "Royal Scot" No. 6100. 239-40. illustration, diagram (side elevation)
Built North British Locomotive Co. to the design of Sir Henry Fowler. Intended for haulage of express trains between London Euston and Glasgow Central. Number on tender, LMS device on cab side, no nameplate on locomotive illustrated. Next: No. 6101 Highland Chieftain.

2-8-2 type locomotives for the Kenya & Uganda Ry. 241-2. illustration, diagram (side elevation)
Built by Robert Stephenson & Co. Ltd of Darlington to the requirements of H.B. Emley, chief mecanical engineer under the supervision of Rendel, Palmer & Tritton on behalf of the Crown Agents

Multi-cylinder locoomotive Midland Ry.. 243-4. illustration, diagram (side elevation)
Cecil Paget patented design of 2-6-2 with sleeve valves, wide firebox of unusual construction. Scrapped in 1919, but achieved 82 mile/hour on trial. Aim was perfect balancing..

Dynamometeer car, State Railways of Czecho-Slovakia. 245-6; 247. 5 illustrations, diagram (side & rear cross-sections, 2 plans)
Built Ringhoffer Works in Prague.

Technical essays. No. XIV — On the training of the locomotive engineer. 246; 248.
Suggests sandwich course with winters spent in academic study and summers in workshops.

Centenary of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. 248-51. 3 illustrations.

Trial run to Plymouth of Great Western locomotive, No.6000.  251-2.
On 20 July Cornish Riviera was hauled to Plymouth with two coaches slipped at Westbury: it arrived 5 minutes early. Chief Inspector C. Read, Driver Young and fireman Pierce were on the footplate. List of King names ends feature.

Inness, R.H. (unattributed): Locomotive history of the Stockton & Darlington Railway, 1825-1876. 252-3.
Secondhand locomotives acquired: inside cylinder 0-6-0s: Nos. 81 Miller and 82 Hawthorn (Hawthorn WN 532-3 of 1846) acquired from Edinburgh & Glasgow Railway where they had been Cowlairs Incline locomotives. No. 82 illustrated at Shildon. Three Bury 0-4-0s were also acquired: 87 Fryerage; 88 Deanery and 89 Huddersfield: last illustrated as NER No. 1089 (this last was supplied to Manchester & Leeds Railway in 1846. See also letter from W. Beckerlegge in Volume 37 page 35

Opening of the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch, Ry. 253-5. 3 illustrations.
Mainly an engineering overview with only a modest amount of information on the locomotives.

Ambidextroous engine drivers. 255.
Lists thoes British railways which had adopted left-hand drive or right-hand drive: former included LNWR; latter the Midland

The "Imperial Indian Mail" trains. 262-4. 3  illustrations, plan.
Sleeping cars ran on six-wheeel bogies and were constructed for the weekly Bombay to Calcutta service. They were constructed at the Matunga workshops of the GIPR in Bombay. The ilustrations show the train leaving Parsik Tunnel and st the Ballard Pier station in Bombay.

Correspondence. 271

Vacuum brake on freight trains in India. W.H. Whitehouse. 271-2..

No. 421 (15 September 1927)

Express passenger locomotive with poppet valves: L. & N.E. Railway. 273-5. 5 illustrations.
This describes the fitting of oscillating cam valve gear to one member of the existing class: the following relate to new construction. The actual valves are illustrated. Also noted that goods engine which we fully described in issue of February 1926, had been in continuous service for upwards of two years, and the poppet valve gear had not, we are informed, given the slightest trouble, nor have any repairs or renewals to any part of it been required.

Four-cylinder express engine, Lord Nelson class, Southern Ry.  275 + colour folding plate facing page. diagram.
Coloured sectionalized diagrams.

Recent Spanish-built locomotives. 276-7. 3 illustrations, table.
4-8-2 and 2-8-0 for Northern Railway and 2-8-0 for Andalusian Railway.

London, Midland & Scottish Ry. (L. & N.W. Section).  277
Seven of the new three-cylinder 4-6-0 type passenger locomotives ex North British Loco. Co. are now in service on this section, Nos. 6100-2, 6105-6 and 6125-6. The first of the series, No. 6100, bears the name Royal Scot. It is understood that all the engines of this class are to be fitted with the Diamond Soot Blower. The construction of the fifty engines ordered from the North British Loco. Co. has been arranged as follows:-twenty-five at the Queen's Park Works, Nos. 6100-24; and twenty- five at the Hyde Park Works, Nos. 6125-49. The makers' numbers of the series are 23595-644 inclusive. At Crewe, the new 2-6-0s are completed up to No. 13082, whilst Nos. 13050-69 had been despatched to Derby for service on the Midland division. No. 4371  was the latest class 4 0-6-0 ex Barclay & Sons to be delivered.
4 ft., 3 in. 0-6-2 coal tanks Nos. 7772 and 7816 (old Nos. 1209 and 1250) had been fitted for working motor trains.
Three additional 6 ft. 6 in. Jumbos had been broken up at Crewe, viz., Nos. 787 Clarendon, 864 Pilot, and 2192 Caradoc. Other withdrawals comprise 0-6-2 coal tanks Nos. 678, 948, 3151, 3447 and 3752; 0-6-0 coal class Nos. 3038, 3173 and 3553; and 0-6-0 special tank No. 3047. L.M.S. 0-6-OT No. 1600 (formerly N.S.R. No. 5BA) had been withdrawn.

Sevenoaks accident, Southern Ry. 277
On Wednesday evening, 24 August, the 5 p.m. train from Cannon Street to Deal was derailed at 5.30 p.m. at Riverhead, between Dunton Green and Sevenoaks. The train was headed by the 2-6-4 tank engine River Cray, No. A800, and consisted of seven bogie carriages and a Pullman car. Thirteen passengers lost their lives, and 48 other passengers were more or less seriously injured. Sir John Pringle is conducting an enquiry into the cause of the disaster on behalf of the Ministry of Transport.

L. & N.E. Ry. 277
A new twin-coach intended for branch line traffic has been built, which, whilst it is 108 ft. 8½ in. long and 8 ft. 10 in. wide, tares only 37½ tons. It had gas lighting, and the bodies overhang the headstocks of the underframes. Articulated trains of four car bodies on five bogies, and 154 ft. 6 in. long, having accommodation for 182 third-class passengers, 22 first-class, and luggage and guard's compartments tare, 63 tons, or less than 1 ton for three passengers.

Sentinel-Carnmell steam rail-cars. 277
Sentinel-Carnmell steam rail-cars were working on the L.M. & S. Ry. branches to Methven, Airdrie-Newhouse, Dalmellington-Ayr, and between Strathaven and Coatbridge.

High speed electric locomotive, C. de F du Midi. 278-80. illustration, 2 diagrams (including side elevation)
Cam shaft control and quill drive

Light traffic work with the "Sentinel" locomotive. 281-2.
Narrow gauge back-to-back locomotive (described as articulated); also non-articulated locomotives for narrow gauge passenger-carrying lines in India and for the Egyptian Nile Delta Railway.

Bennett, A.R. The Malta Railway. 283-5. 5 illustrations.
Workshops at Hamrun. Valletta terminus partly in tunnel. Metre gauge. Manning Wardle 0-6-0Ts

Inness, R.H. (unattributed): Locomotive history of the Stockton & Darlington Railway, 1825-1876. 292-3. 2 illustrations.
Secondhand locomotives: NER 0-6-0 No. 2259; 2-2-2 No. 93 Uranus. Also tabluates new G. Wilson 0-6-0s.

Canada's first locomotive. 294. illustration
Hal;f-size model of Dorchester built in 1836 by Robert Stephenson and was the first locomotive in Canada.  The model was built by the Canadian National Railway to take part in a procession in Montreal. The Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad connected St. Johns to La Prairie, Quebec and was a portage railroad which aimed to improve an inland waterway route between New York and Montreal. Article cites Warren, Dendy Marshall and Whishaw.  

J. Spencer & Sons, Newburn-on-Tyne. 294
Founded in 1810, had a world-wide reputation for its boiler plates, was to be dismantled

Train lighting. Vickers' "V1" single battery system. 295-8. 2 illustrations, 7 diagrams

L. & N.E.R.. 298
Pacific type engine No. 4480 Enterprise has been fitted with a high-pressure boiler (220 psi), and increasing the tractive power from 29,835 lb. to 36,465 lb. The weight available for adhesion was increased from 60 tons to 66 tons, although the increase in the total weight of the engine, due to the heavier boiler and alterations to the superheater is 3 tons 16 cwt. The number of superheater elements has been increased from 32 to 43. There are now five rows, the top row consisting of seven flues, and the others nine each. A slight modification has also been made in the valve gear. Ten more Pacifies are to be built with the high-pressure boilers.
Eight 4-4-0 passenger engines of a new design are under construction, and seventy-two goods locomotives are being built; twenty of the latter are for express freight traffic.

"Who runs may read, Edmund Vale
Title of Route Book No. 1, published by the L.M. & S. Ry. In addition to a detailed description of the railway route from Euston to Holyhead by the Irish Mail, there are full notes of places of particular historic interest supplemented by a considerable number of pen and ink sketches. Explanations are also given of the travelling post offices and of the Irish Mail train. A diagram on each page indicates the places mentioned in the text. The book is nicely produced, and should add to the interest of the journey.

South African Railways. "Hulse"double-decked suburban coach. 299-300.  2 illustrations, diagram (side elevation & plan)
Designed by Oscar Hulse.

The locomotive history of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. 300-2.  2 illustrations.
0-6-0 types: 46 engines supplied by Neilson & Co. in 1877: some were supplied without wheels as a stock of 5 ft. wheels existed supplied by the Yorkshire Engine Co, Class known as L/21 WN 2239-68 and 2310-25. Kitson & Co. supplied Class K/16 known as Kitson's heavy goods in 1877 WN 2146-55. They had 17¾ x 26in cylinders and 4ft 6in wheels. They had steam brakes.Further series followed: K/15 (WN 2180-96) and K/17 (WN 2241-6) with 18 inch diameter cylinders and Smith simple vacuum brakes.

St. Etienne-Lyon Ry. Marc Seguin's multi-tubular locomotive boilers. 302-4. 3 diagrams
Diagrams and some of the text reproduced from Newcomen Society Trans., 1933, 7, 97 paper

Running a  British locomotive on a United States railroad. 304-5. illustration
King class visit, but mainly earlier (including LNWR) visits from British locomotives. Nevertheless, the illustation of a B & O President class locomotive serves to show the huge size of American locomotives

Reviews. 305

Notes on the annealing and use of wrought iron chains. London: H.M. Stationery Office. 305
Published under the care of the chief inspector of Factories, this booklet puts on record the results of the experiments carried out at the National Physical Laboratory, at the request of the Home Office, to ascertain the efficiency of the practice of annealing to correct brittleness caused by the continued use of wrought iron chains. The best method of annealing is described, and testing. Tables of safe working loads, and working rules for chains are included.

Der lauf von eisenbahnfahrzeugen in gleiskruemmungen. J. Jahn, Professor a.d. Technischen Hochschule der Freien Stadt Danzig. Berlin, 1927. Verlag der Verkehrwissenschaftlichen Lehrmittelgescllschaft m.b.H. bei der Deutschen Reichsbahn, Berlin, 151pp. 27 illustrations.
The behaviour of railway vehicles in curves and, hence, with a chapter of railway operation which does not always receive the close attention it deserves on the part of mechanical and permanent way engineers. It is well known that owing to higher flange pressure and the inclined position of the wheels when rounding a curve increased wear of tyres and rails is unavoidable, and it will therefore be appreciated that the valuable data and information compiled in this book and bearing on these points cannot fail to influence the trend of the work of the above-mentioned branches of railway engineering in the direction of still greater efficiency. Professor J ahn, who is lecturing on the construction of railway machinery, includes in his present investigations not only main but also branch and narrow gauge lines. The author explains in a lucid and able manner how to accurately determine the wheel arrangement which combines the most favourable position of the wheels with a minimum of flange pressure up to the highest speeds and sharpest bends and for unusually complicated wheel arrangements. He suggests useful methods of calculation and design which guide the user of his work in estimating the correct equations and formulae to be employed, a frequently arising difficulty at the beginning. Of equally great value to the practical man is the large number of actual examples quoted, the results of which are concisely tabulated. As indicated above, the book is of interest to both branches of railway engineering. It enables the one to make helpful deductions regarding the most satisfactory wheel arrangement, the use or non-use of bolster centralising devices for laterally sliding axles, pony and bogie trucks, the position of the bogie centre pin, the tender coupling pin and the like, while the other is enlightened in matters pertaining to the per- manent way, by no means confined, however, to ordinary circular curves, but embracing curves of changing radius and direction, such as cross-over roads, as well as the rather involved problems connected with the crossing of points and switches. The author's investigations, moreover, constitute a significant contribution to the question of the widening of the track gauge. Professor Jahn thus makes available to everybody a book filled with a wealth of technical knowledge which is of the utmost importance to the practical as well theoretical side of anything running on rails.

Twixt rail and sea: a book of docks, seaports and shipping, W.G. Chapman. London: Great Western Railway, Paddington Station..
Written for boys of all ages, this publication is entitled "a book of docks, seaports and shipping," and forms a sequel to The 10-30 Limited and Caerphilly Castle, both from the pen of the same writer. In view of the fact that the Great Western Ry, is now the owner of the world's largest dock system, not only from the point of view of the area of the docks, but also so far as the volume of imports and exports is concerned, the opening chapter is devoted to a general description of the dock and shipping act!vities. The principal South Wales docks came into possession of the railway with the grouping scheme of 1921, and the reproach that full use is not made of the natural advantages of these ports is one which the G.W. Ry. set themselves to remove, and recently they have been spending large sums on improving the dock facilities for handling goods. The succeeding chapters describe the journey from London to South Wales and the industrial development along the line, and more particularly the facilities offered by the G.W. Ry. at other points on their system. Incidentally, the story of the building of the Severn Tunnel is told, with descriptions of the pumping and ventilating plant. Then follow accou~ts of a youngster's visit to the docks at Newport, Cardiff, Penarth Barry Port Talbot and Swansea, with interesting details of the work carried on at the docks. The concluding section deals with the steamer services between Fishguard and Ireland, and between Weymouth and the Channel Isles. The book is full of instructive information not only for the younger generation, but also for the elders who desire particulars of the facilities offered to the great industrial areas of the Midlands by the G.W. Ry. It is well illustrated by a number of maps and plans and many half-tone illustrations.

Operation of trains on single track. Henry M. Sperry. Union Switch and Signal Co. 306
The subject matter originally formed a paper presented at the meeting of the American Association of Railroad Superintendents held in Montreal in June, 1926, and forms a very comprehensive treatise on the most approved methods of operating single track lines. Numerous coloured diagrams are given. illustrating the signalling of opposing train movements by automatic devices installed on single line railways.

South African Rys, and Harbours. 306
Tenders invited for the supply and delivery of 125 new locomotives of various types and classes. The Railway Administration is also inviting tenders for one electric freight locomotive. The authorities desire to find an electric locomotive which will be a considerable improvement on those in use at present, and it is their intention to test this single unit against the others. The actual design is left to the tenderers, but certain specifications must be complied with.

Resignailing Edgware Road Station, Metropolitan Ry. 306
Publication issued by the Westinghouse Brake and Saxby Signal Co. Ltd.. It is fully and clearly Illustrated by half-tone reproductions from photographs, and a diagram of the lay-out of lines and signals, and has been reprinted from our contemporary The Railway Engineer. For a comparatively small work this signalling installation, which is now being completed, is one of the most interesting schemes carried out in London. Much information of a technical character is embodied in the text, and the neatness and refinement with which the work has been carried out reflect great credit on the contractors and the railway engineers.

Mechanical stoker spark reduction. 306
To reduce the amount of sparks and ash thrown from the chimney on engines fired with mechanical stokers, jets of exhaust steam from the stoker engine were introduced into the elevator near the firing orifice, to dampen the coal and cause the finer particles to adhere to the larger, and then hold it on the firegrate until combustion is complete.

L.W.R. Robertson. 306
Appointed general manager of Kitson & Co. Ltd., Airedale Foundry, Leeds. After serving in the army during the war, Robertson became a pupil of Sir Henry Fowler at Derby. In 1921 he was appointed assistant to the manager of the Scotswood Locomotive Works of Messrs. Sir W. G. Arrnstrong, Whitworth & Co., and later commercial manager in London of the locomotive department of the firm.

Glasgow Corporation Tramways. 306
Order for 100 sets of air brake apparatus for their cars to the Consolidated Brake & Engineering Co. Ltd., of Westminster and Slough. This contract was the subject of keen competition, and was the largest single order for tramcar air brake equipment as yet placed in the United Kingdom.

Sir Vincent Caillard. 306
For twenty-seven years had been a director of Vickers Limited, and was mainly instrumental in arranging for the reconstruction of the company, had tendered his resignation as from  1 September. His colleagues had accepted his resignation with great regret.

Battery troubles solved. 306
Combined instruction book and illustrated catalogue of 112 pages published by the Tungstone Accumulator Co. Ltd., St. Bride's House, Salisbury Square, London, E.C.4. It explains how these batteries are maintained in the best state of efficiency, and how to change any damaged parts when necessary. This is facilitated by the new methods of assembling the plates, so that it is quite an easy matter to remove or replace any of them. It is claimed that the maintenance cost of these batteries is remarkably low, while the records of tests given in the book serve to justify the makers' claims of dependability and maximum output for a stated input, for plates with a long working life (lead grids and pure oxide of lead as paste), and low resistance which gives a lively current. The test carried out at the Teddington National Physical Laboratory amply substantiated these claims. Special articles are included on modern battery construction and weaknesses.

Westinghouse Brake & Saxby Signal Co. Ltd. 306
English Electric Co. Ltd., of Preston, order for twenty-five sets of brake apparatus for motor cars and twenty-three sets of brake equipment for trailer cars on the Athens City Tramways. Westinghouse also received an order from the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd. for 105 motor-driven air compressors, type D.H.25, for motor coaches, for the Sydney Suburban Electrification.

British rails for overseas. 306
The Mossend (Lanarkshire) rolling mills of William Beardmore & Co. Ltd. had been employed on several important orders from abroad for rails. The principal contract was for 7,150 tons for the Government of Esthonia. It includes 6,320 tons of rails, balance being fishplates and other accessories. Shipment was carried out by the Esthonian Government in their own steamer, the Kajak, from Grangemouth. In July, the India Store Department placed a contract for 1,800 tons of 60-lb. F.B. rails for the Eastern Bengal section of the Indian State Rys. Another recent contract of some importance, in view of the fact that it  was in the nature of a trial order, was for 300 tons of rails for the Chilian State Rys. The latest order was a contract from South Indian Ry, Co. Ltd. for 2,038 tons of rails in 60-lb. F.B. section, also 480 tons of fishplates for rails of 50-lb. and 60-lb. sections—a total weight of 2,518 tons. The Mossend Steel Works of William Beardmore & Co. Ltd. underwent a complete reorganisation after WW1, and are now amongst the most modern engaged in this important class of work. Amongst several advantages they are able to offer clients are the ample storage facilities where rails and other steel products may be held pending the arrangement of shipping facilities.

No. 422 (15 October 1927)

Large tank locomotive for South Africa. 307. illustration
4-8-2T built by Avonside Engine Co. Ltd

Metropolitan Ry. 307
The twenty 1,400 H.P. electric locomotives were to be given names, mostly of famous personages associated with the district served by the line, such as Oliver Cromwell, Wiltiarn Penni, Benjamin Disraeli, John Hampden, John Lyon, Lord Byron, Sarah Siddons, George Romney, Sir Francis Drake, Edmund Burke, Sir Ralph Verney, Charles Dickens, John Milton, Sir Christopher Wren, Dick Whittington, Michael Faraday and John Wycliffe. The first to be christened is in traffic and bears the name Florence Nightingale. The locomotive shown at the Wembley Exhibition is to be B.E.E. 1924. Another will be called Sherlock Holmes, whose fame centred in Baker Street.

4-8-0 goods locomotives – Queensland Government Rys. 308. illustration
Twenty five locomotives of the 4-8-0 type, with bogie tenders, were shipped, fully erected, from the Tyne to Brisbane for service on the Queensland Government Rys. They were built at the Scotswood Works, Newcastle by Sir W.G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co. Ltd., to the requirements of  R.J Chalmers, chief mechanical engineer.

Obituary. 308
Death of E.F.S. Notter, who was locomotive superintendent of the London district of the Great Northern Ry. for twenty-five years. He died on 21 September 1927 in the North Middlesex Hospital, where he had been a patient for several weeks, and was sixty-eight years of age. He commenced work on the railway at Doncaster when he was eighteen. From there he went to Colwick where he had charge of the locomotive department for the Nottingham district, and thence to King's Cross, from which he retired in 1924. Mr. Notter was deeply interested in engineering which, in addition to being his work, was his hobby, and he was a very clever model engineer.

E. C. Poultney. Decapod locomotives — Western Maryland R.R. 308-9.  illustration
Twenty 2-10-0 type engines built by Baldwin Locomotive Works for heavy freight working.

L.M. & S. Ry. three-cylinder compound locomotive. 310. diagram (side elevation)
4P compound 4-4-0

London, Midland & Scottish Ry. (L. & N.W. Section). 310.
The following additional Royal Scot class 6 4-6-0s ex North British Locomotive Co. were in service on this section :-Nos. 6103-4, 6107-16 and 6133-8. Others of the same type in service as follows :-Northern division, Nos. 6127-8 and 6131-2; Midland division, Nos. 6129-30. These bring the total of the type so far delivered up to 31. New 2-6-0s up to No. 13085 have been completed at Crewe. Latest class 4 0-6-0 ex Barclays' was No. 4374. 0-6-2 side tank coal engine No. 7830 (old No. 3669) had been fitted for working as a rail motor. The following engines had been withdrawn:- 0-6-2 coal tank No. 2362, 0-6-0 DX. goods No. 3402 and 0-6-0 shunting tank No. 3582.

Rebuilt locomotive, District Ry. 311.  illustration
4-4-0T No. 34: fitted with cab; most of condensing gear (including bridge pipe) removed

Great Western Ry. winter train service. 311.
Faster Cornish Riviera Express (four hours to Plymouth non-stop) and Torbay Express (59.5 mile/h average to Exeter)

Institution of Locomotive Engineers,. 312-14.
The first meeting of the winter session, held on Thursday evening, 29 September, in the Council Chamber of Denison House, Westminster, was well attended by locomotive engineers representative of the Home, Indian and Colonial railways, as well as building firms and consulting engineers.
The new President, H.N. Gresley, was supported by Sir Seymour Tritton, the retiring chief officer, Sir Henry Fowler, H. Kelway Bamber, Col. E. Kitson-Clark, C.N. Goodall, and J.C. Sykes (Secretary) .
Sir Seymour Tritton in welcoming the new President referred to the work of the Institution during the past session, and the progress made, while Col. E. Kitson- Clark made a few appropriate and amusing remarks in praise of the Institution's efforts.
Gresley then gave his address from which the following is taken :-
On the termination of the War it was believed that the locomotive building industry would have its books full of orders consequent upon an effort by the British and Foreign railways to overtake the arrears of renewals that had accumulated during the War period. In the past the .home builders had not been solely dependent upon British orders, they had thrived on the requirements of Foreign and Colonial railways; so, in the expectation of an unprecedented demand for locomotives, additional firms who had hitherto not entered the field of steam locomotive construction sought to turn their activities in this direction. Workshops built and equipped for munition work were readily adapted, and it was thought that there would be work for all for a long period. Unfortunately these expectations were not realised and orders were not forthcoming. . Locomotives which in the ordinary course would have been due for renewal during the War and early post war periods were extensively repaired and given a new lease of life as neither money nor material was available in those strenuous times. Prior to the War it was the practice of many of the smaller railways to obtain their locomotives from British builders, but when these small railways were absorbed by the larger groups in 1923, the same policy was not necessarily followed. The amalgamated railways at first were unable to supply demands from their own workshops and continued to obtain a portion of their requirements from the builders, but years of bad trade resulting in decreased revenues and finally the industrial upheaval of 1926 reduced their ability to purchase locomotives to such an extent that comparatively few orders were placed by British railways. The idea was also fostered by some, who should have known better, that it was unnecessary to devote more attention to the development and improvement of the steam locomotive, as it would very quickly be rendered obsolete by the early electrification of the lines.
At this point he reminded the members that this is an Institution of Locomotive Engineers, not just an Institution of Steam Locomotive Engineers; all kinds of locomotives-steam, oil, and electric, are their concern.
It is no part of our policy to perpetuate a kind of locomotive that is not economical. Under certain conditions the electrification of the railway line will result in greatly improved earning capacity; of this there is a notable instance in the Southern railway of England. France and Italy also have made great progress in changing their motive power from steam to electricity, but it must not be forgotten that in those countries coal was costly whilst available water power was undeveloped. It is not simply a case of steam versus electricity, but rather the realisation that the possibility of steam as a motive power has not been fully developed, much less exhausted. Undoubtedly the extension of electrification of railways has urged steam locomotive engineers to renewed efforts to make the steam locomotive more efficient. This has also led to the production of the internal combustion, turbine and high steam pressure locomotives.
At the present time there are great expectations of cheap electric energy, and if these are realised the field for electrification will be extended, but he ventured to think that in the near future such improvements will be made in internal combustion and steam locomotives that they will be able to maintain their position as economical units of transport even as compared with electric traction for many services.
These improvements will (a) enable locomotives to remain available for traffic for longer periods, (b) reduce the cost of maintenance, and (c) greatly improve their thermal efficiency; all tending to less fuel consumption and costs of running. Recently locomotive engineers have bestowed considerable attention on the design of internal combustion locomotives, and much ingenuity has been displayed, but one of the greatest disadvantages is the very high initial cost. In countries where oil is cheap and coal dear, they should prove economical, but it is not so likely that they will displace the steam locomotive in countries where the conditions are reversed.
Turbine locomotives so far produced suffer from the same disadvantage as the internal combustion locomotive—i.e., the high initial cost. It is claimed that a saving in coal consumption of from 20 per cent. to even 50 per cent. can be shown by the turbine engine as compared with the reciprocating engine. A steam reciprocating locomotive burns approximately 1,000 tons of coal per annum, and taking coal as costing £1 per ton on the tender, if we assume a saving in coal consumption approximating 30 per cent., this would represent £300 per annum. If the repairs of the turbine engine cost no more than the reciprocating engine, and a provision of 3 per cent. is made for renewals, and 5 per cent. for interest on additional outlay, it would appear that such a turbine locomotive cannot be regarded as attractive if it cost, say, over £3,000 more than a modern reciprocating steam engine. Supposing a reciprocating engine cost £6,000, a turbine engine should not cost more than £9,000—i.e., an increase of 50 per cent. on the cost of a reciprocating engine. It has, however, to be proved that an economy of fuel of 30 per cent. can be realised and maintained under all conditions of working if the first cost is 50 per cent. higher to make a turbine locomotive an attractive proposition.
He knew it may be said by the advocates of the turbine locomotive that tests had shown fuel economies greater than 30 per cent., but it must be re- membered that these have been on through runs. The ordinary day-to-day work of engines working slow passenger trains, pick-up goods trains and shunting has also to be considered. Can this overall fuel economy under all conditions be realised? In the past very valuable work had been done by the consideration of papers on engine failures-their causes and remedies, the organisation of running sheds, the equipment of efficient breakdown appliances, and similar subjects. Gresley felt that if the Institution is to extend its usefulness and im- prove its status, and thus assist in the revival of the locomotive building industry, it must devote its energies to a greater extent than ever before to the consideration of radical development and improvement in locomotive design. It is hard to live up to a great reputation, but it is incumbent upon British locomotive builders and designers to ensure that other nations do not dislodge them from the proud position they have held since the days of George Stephenson.
British locomotive designers and builders work under disadvatageous conditions compared with engineers of competitive nations. They have not at their disposal any facilities for carrying out experimental scientific research, nor can they obtain the necessary financial assistance to do so. Great credit is due to those enterprising individuals and firms who at their own expense have produced locomotives having radical alterations in design and construction. But with the industry in its present depressed condition, they cannot be expected to do much in the near future—they cannot afford it. Railway companies are in a similar position and have not the funds necessary to build experimental locomotives which may prove to be failures.
British railway engineers produce improvement by a sort of slow evolution; new features are tried and if successful are embodied in new designs. Progress is sure, but it is very slow, and the methods adopted in many cases are empirical rather than scientific.
Since the termination of the War the engineers of British railways have produced locomotives which are undoubtedly improvements upon those previously in service. They have probably reached the maximum power required to handle at the speeds of to-day, without assistance, the heaviest passenger trains that can be accommodated advantageously at platforms; and in the case of goods and mineral trains, the longest that can be received in loops, lay-by sidings or reception roads. Larger and more powerful engines could be produced to conform to the limita- tions of the British load gauge and axle weights, but there does not appear to be any demand at present for such. What is required is not an increase in the power of the engines, but a reduction in the building, maintenance and running costs. The thermal efficiency of the modern locomotive is deplorably low and there is therefore great scope for the attain- ment of increased efficiency.
An elaborate locomotive testing plant exists in America by the aid of which new designs can be thoroughly tested and all necessary data as to per- formance obtained. In Germany there is the Grune- wald Experimental Department of the German State Railway, which is, of course, State supported and financed. There is no such organisation in Britain. It is true that there is a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, but its activities have not extended to locomotives. What he suggested is re- quired and is essential, if improvements are to be made in steam locomotives. That is the provision by the Government of a national locomotive testing plant under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and controlled by the Engineering Department of the National Physical Laboratory. Use would be made of such a plant by British railway companies, consulting engineers of Colonial and Foreign railways, and locomotive builders.
I t should be remembered that a very elaborate and expensive tank for the testing of the models of warships and other vessels has been provided at the National Physical Laboratory at Teddingtori, of which great use is made by the Admiralty and a number of shipbuilding firms. At Teddington there is also a very fully equipped experimental plant for carrying out highly scientific tests on models of aeroplanes by which the speed, lifting capacity and stability of new machines has been greatly improved. Locomotive construction is one of the most important British industries, and it therefore does not seem unreasonable to suggest that just as experimental plants had been provided by the nation for shipbuilding and other trades, suitable arrangements and organisation should be provided for the testing of locomotives. Appropriate charges would, of course, be made for carrying out such tests.
It would also be desirable to have under the control of the same organisation, a dynamometer car equipped with all the latest recording instruments necessary for carrying out running tests on the railways. He ventured to think that the provision of such a locomotive testing plant would be of national advantage, and that it would result in effecting economies in fuel consumption and the operation of railways. It would tend to unification of design with a consequent reduction in the number of types; it would be a means of testing on a strictly impartial and comparative basis, the most promising of the numerous devices which are put forward from time to time for improving the performance of locomotives. A cordial vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. H. Kelway Bamber, and seconded by Sir Henry Fowler, who heartily endorsed the proposals of the President for a national testing plant for locomotives, but was of opinion that each of the railways should have its own dynamometer car.

The "Royal Scot" express, L. M. & S. Ry. 314

Famous British and Canadian locomotives bear same names. 314-15.

Variable power brakes for goods trains. 315. 2 diagrams

G. Reder. Locomotives of the Madrid, Zaragoza and Alicante  Ry.: Locomotives of the former Zaragoza, Barcelona and France Ry. 319-20. 2 illustrations

Brewer, F.W. Modern locomotive superheating on the Great Western Railway: its application to tank engines. 320-2.
The fitting pof a Schmidt superheater to a LB&SCR 4-4-2T is often seen as a key development in superheating in Britain, but Brewer does not consider that this was significant for Swindon.
The 2-4-2T type had 17 in. by 24 in. cylinders, and 5 ft. 2 in. coupled wheels, and were known as the 3600 class. They were built with straight-barrelled Belpaire boilers, the steam pressure of which was 180 psi., the grate area 21.35 ft²., and the total heating surface 1561.65 ft². The first engine was constructed in 1900; twenty others were turned out in 1902, and ten more in 1903. In working order the engines each weighed 64 tons 12 cwt. After 1909, they were gradually provided with taper boilers and superheaters. These boilers were 10 ft. 3 in. long, and had outside diameters of 4 ft. 51/8 in. and 5 ft. 0½ in., and carried a pressure of 195 psi. The superheaters first fitted to this class were of the 12-72 kind; that is to say, they had twelve large fire tubes and seventy-two superheater steam tubes. The heating surface of the latter was 172.87 ft², while the total for the whole boiler was 1142.34 ft², and the grate area 20.35 ft². With the coned boilers, the engine weight was increased to 66 tons 6 cwt. When overhauled, the 3600s were equipped with 6-36 apparatus, the superheating area of which was 83.93 ft². These engines were built for branch line and similar work, and had a tank capacity of 1900 gallons.
The 4-4-2Ts were designed chiefly for working semi-fast main line stopping trains. They are comparatively large tank engines, weighing 75 tons, and having 6 ft. 8½ in. coupled wheels and 18 in. by 30 in. cylinders. The tank capacity was 2,000 gallons. As the leading bogie, cylinders and driving wheels were interchangeable with the corresponding parts of the County 4-4-0 tender engines, these 4-4-2Ts, which were fitted with taper boilers when new, were commonly called the County tanks, or, alternatively, the 2200 class. The boilers, however, were slightly smaller than those of the tender engines, the outside diameters being 4 ft. 51/8 in. and 5 ft. 0½in., as compared with 4 ft. 10¾ in. and 5 ft. 6 in., but the length, 11 ft., was the same as that of the County type boilers. The pressure was at first 195 psi.; the total heating surface was 1517.89 ft², and the grate area 20.35 ft². The 2200 class consisted of thirty engines, of which ten were built in 1905-6, ten in 1908-9, and a further batch of ten in 1912. The superheating of the engines began in 1910, with apparatus of the 12-72 order, which furnished 168.43 ft²t. of steam tube surface. The total heating surface of the boiler was then 1197.87 ft². Single-row superheaters were later fitted, the number of large flues being six, containing in all thirty-six steam tubes, the latter having an area of 82.20 ft². With the smaller superheater, the boiler has a combined heating surface of 1348.95 ft², and the steam pressure was raised to 200 psi.
A variant of the same (outside cylinder) 4-4-2 type, but with 17 in. by 24 in. cylinders, 5 ft. 8 in. coupled wheels, and a smaller boiler, having 1271.86 ft²., a grate area of 16.6 ft², and a pressure of 200 psi, was built in 1913. The taper boiler with which this engine was fitted was 10 ft. 6 in. long, with outside diameters of 4 ft. 2 in. and 4 ft. 9 in. It was subsequently equipped with a 6-48 superheater, providing a superheating surface of 101.71 ft², and the total heating surface was altered to 1215.52 ft². This 4-4-2T was numbered 4600; its weight was 60 tons 7 cwt., and its tank capacity 1,100 gallons. It appeared to have been the only member of its particular class, and was scrapped in 1925.
The tank engines of the 2-6-2T type comprised four classes as follow: the 3100s, with 18 in. to 18½ in. by 30 in. cylinders and 5 ft. 8 in. coupled wheels; the 4400s with 16½ to 17 in. by 24 in. cylinders and 4 ft. I½in. wheels; the 4500s, with 17 in. by 24 in. cylinders and 4 ft. 7½ in. wheels; and the 3900s, with 17½ in. by 24 in. cylinders (which in this case were inside the frames) and 5 ft. 2 in. wheels.
The first example of the 3100 or 5 ft. 8 in. series appeared in 1903. This engine weighed 72 tons 3 cwt., and had a standard No. 2 wagon-top boiler; length of barrel, 11 ft.; outside diameters, 4 ft. 51/8 in. and 5 ft. 0½ in.; total heating surface, 1517.89 ft².; grate area, 20.35 ft²; and working pressure, 195 psi. The cylinders were 18 in. by 30 in. Eighty further engines were turned out from 1905 to 1908, inclusive. A number of the earlier engines of this class had similar boilers and cylinders, but the later examples have 18! in. cylinders, and standard o. 4 boilers (diameters 4 ft. 1O! in. and 5 ft. 6 in., grate area, 20.56 ft²). The smaller boilers were formerly fitted with 12-72 superheaters, pro- viding a superheating steam tube surface of 182.21 ft² The present practice, however, is to instal the 6-36 size of apparatus, which has 82.20 ft² of superheating area. The standard No. 4 boilers have always had fourteen large flues; in some cases these housed 112, and in other instances eighty-four steam tubes. The respective superheating surfaces were 249.69 ft² and 191.79 ft², while the total heating surfaces wer~ 1728.05 ft² and 1670.15 ft² The latter figures apply to the more recently superheated engines, the modern plan being to fit only the 14-84 apparatus. The newer examples have 200 lb. pressure; they weigh 81 tons 12 cwt., and have a tank capacity of 2,000 gallons. Originally, the water capacity was 1,380 gallons. Having 5 ft. 8 in. driving wheels, the "3100s" are of the mixed traffic variety, being suitable for working either semi-fast passenger or express goods trains.
The 4 ft. It in. 2-6-2's, "4400" class, consist of eleven engines, of which the first was constructed in 1904, and the rest were turned out in 1905-6. They have taper boilers 4 ft. 2 in. and 4 ft. 9t in. in outside diameter, and 10 ft. 6 in. long, with a grate area of 16.6 ft² Non-superheated, the boilers had a total heating surface of 1272.6 ft², and a pressure of 165 psi. The tanks held 1,000 gallons of water, and the weight of the engines in running order was 55 tons 15 cwt. When superheated, the 4400s were given an increased pressure of 180 lb. The 6-48 apparatus was in- stalled, the superheating surface being 101.71 ft², and the total heating surface 1215.52 ft².; weight as before. These engines, some of which have 16t in., and others 17 in. by 24 in. cylinders, are fitted with 6-36 superheaters when going through the shops. With the 36 steam tubes, the superheating area is 77.64 ft²
The 4500s: seventy-five engines were built from 1906 to 1924. Except that the coupled wheels are 4 ft. 7½in., and that the engines are heavier and have a different wheelbase, the "4500s" are similar to the preceding class. The boilers are of the same size in both classes, and the tank capacity is the same, viz., 1,000 gallons. The superheaters, formerly of the 6-48 order, now have 36 steam tubes, and the particulars given for the 4 ft. I½in. 2-6-2s apply also to the 4500s. The working pressure is now 200 psi while the total heating surface of the 6-36 superheater boiler is 1191.45 ft² The weight of the 4500s is 57 tons 18 cwt. The cylinders are 17 in. by 24 in. During 1907 to 1910, thirty 0-6-0 tender engines were converted to 2-6-2 side tank engines. The tanks carry 1,500 gallons, and are prolonged to the front end of the smoke box. The cylinders, which are between the frames, are In in. by 24 in., and the coupled wheels are 5 ft. 2 in.; boiler as for the "4400" and "4500" classes; pressure 180 lb.; superheater 6-48, but where renewals have been effected, of the 6-36 standard. These engines are known as the "3900" class, and they weigh in working condition 62 tons 4 cwt.
The 0-6-0 goods tank engines have 17½ in. by 24 in. cylinders and 4 ft. 7½ in. wheels. The boilers, of the domed type, are of the same size as those of the superheated tender 0-6-0s, the maximum outside diameter being 4 ft. 5 in., and the length of barrel 10 ft. 3 in.; total heating surface, 1142.60 ft².; grate area 15.45 ft²; working pressure 180 psi. The superheaters are 6-36s, having a superheating area of 75.30 ft². The tanks, which are of wing or pannier form, extend along the full length of the boiler, including firebox and smokebox, and hold 1200 gallons of water. There are at least 100 of these tank engines, which are classed as the 2700s. Their original dates of construction vary from 1896 to 1901. The tanfs were formerly of the saddle kind, those of the pannier type having been introduced about 1910. In working order, the weight of the engines is 46 tons. In 1910, the first of the 2-8-0s (4200 mineral class) was turned out, but the next example was not built until 1912. From then down to 1926, 174 of these eight-coupled tank engines were constructed, making, so far, 175 in all. A considerable number of the earlier engines of this class weighed 81 tons 12 cwt., and had 18½in. by 30 in. outside cylinders; the later engines, however, weigh 82 tons 2 cwt., and have 19-in. cylinders. The coupled wheels are 4 ft. 7½ in. The taper boilers are standard 4, outside diameters 4 ft. 10¾ in. and 5 ft. 6 in.; length of barrel 11 ft.; steam pressure 200 psi. Swindon superheaters of the 14-112 and 14-84 types were installed. Those with the larger number of steam tubes had a superheating surface of 249.69 ft² the combined heating surface of the boiler being 1728.05 ft². The 14-84s in some engines had 215.8 ft². and the total boiler heating surface was 1566.74 ft², but the latest figure for this latter apparatus (now standard) is 191.79 ft², and the newer boilers, which have an increased number of the ordinary small fire tubes, have an aggregate heating surface of 1670.15 ft² The tank capacity of the 4200s was 1,800 gallons, and the grate area 20.56 ft².
The 0-6-2 engines, which date from 1924, had 18 in. by 26 in. inside cylinders, 4 ft. 7½t in. coupled wheels, and standard 2 taper boilers, carrying a pressure of 200 lb., and having a grate area of 20.35 ft²t., and outside diameters of 4 ft. 51/8in. and 5 ft. 0½ in. by 11 ft. in length.. The engines of this class, of which approximately sixty are now running (built 1924-27) are termed the 5600s. They weigh 62 tons 12 cwt., and are equipped with 6-36 superheaters, the steam tube area of which is 82.20 ft², while the total heating surface of the boiler is 1348.95 ft². Water capacity of tanks, 1,900 gallons.
The 2-4-2 tank engines were originally designed by William Dean, but the later 2-4-2s, together with the 2-6-2, 4-4-2, and 2-8-0 engines, as built down to 1922, were brought out by his successor, G. J. Churchward.. Some of the 4 ft. 7½ in. 2-6-2s and 2-8-0s were, however, constructed during the regime of the present chief mechanical engineer, C.B. Collett as also were all of the 0-6-2 tank engines, the latter being of Collett's own design.
In conclusion, it will be gathered that the economy to be obtained by superheating is, other things being equal, governed by the class of work on which the engine is engaged, and not by the type of locomotive, apart from the usual considerations as to the suitability of the latter respecting loads, speeds, curves, and gradients.

Rebuilt goods locomotives, L.M. & S. Ry. Tilbury Section. 325-6. illustration
Nos. 2898 and 2899 were the sole LTSR tender locomotives and were 0-6-0 and had been fitted with Belpaire boilers and modifications to the cabs. Locomotives in original condition.

Fairlie locomotive, Denver & Rio Grande Ry.  326. illustration
Built by the Vulcan Foundry and ptrsented by the Duke of Sutherland to the 3ft gauge Denver & Rio Grande Ry. It was a wood burner, 0-4+4.-0 No. 101 Moutaineer: it worked on the La Veta Pass. It was fitted with the Le Chatelier counter pressure brake. John Moulton travelled with the locomotive to supervise its erection, but stayed in the USA..

New 4-4-0 locomotives, London and North Eastern Ry. 326
An attempt to pre-write history: correct in that built around J39 class boiler; regulator same as K3?, bu Part 2 will be a compound and Part 3 will have a different valve gear to Part 1. The number of the first (234) was correct, but the name County of Hertford was not (Yorkshire was selected)

A.R. Bennett. The Malta Railway. 327-9. 8 illustrations

Rosen diesel hydraulic locomotive. 329
2-4-2 placed in service on a Swedish railway: final drive by chains

Inness, R.H. (unattributed): Locomotive history of the Stockton & Darlington Railway, 1825-1876. 330-1.
2-4-0 No. 98 Pierrmont of 1855; NER No. 1101 and NER No. 1099 at Hopetown Foundary

Household, H.G.W. The Railway Museum, London & North Eastern Ry., York. 332-3.

Engineering Exhibition, Olympia. 1927. 333-4.
Shipping, Engineering and Machinery Exhibition. Exhibitors included: stainless steel and iron: Brown  Bayley's Steel Works of Sheffield; presses with steel plate frames: Henry Pels; pneunatic and small electric tools; auto trucks; electric welding; flame cutting;steam power details; steel; Thos. Firth & Sons Ltd., whose Staybrite steel is stated to possess resistance to corrosion; decorative panelling and structural work, together with ships' fittings, were displayed in this material. Firth's showed stainless steel turbine blading, and examples of their range o tool steels. Bearing Metals. The exhibit of the Hoyt Metal Co., of Putney, was extensive, and nu.mero~s bea~- ings and test samples were shown, including die castings true to 0.001 in., and ready to fit. Fry's Metal Foundry, of Blackfriars, had also instances of high-class die casting. Brass and Copper Tubes. Both the Yorkshire Copper Works Ltd. and Allen Everitt & Co. Ltd. (Smethwick) had very striking exhibits of the various types and qualities of tubes manufactured by them for all purposes, including condensers and locomotive boilers. The Yorkshire Copper Works showed a length of tube of 450 ft. which was 0.005 in. internal diameter, and they state they manufacture anything between this size and 24 in. diameter. Furnaces. An exhibit of great interest was that of The Metropolitan Fuel Co., of Millbank House, who showed Cox's system of flameless combustion. In this method pressure gas and air are passed through a porous brick and burn on its surface, with the result that a very uniform heating area is obtained with considerable economy in gas consumption. The "combustors" are very neatly manufactured as self-contained units, the brick-which is of a large variety of sizes, and can be rectangular, plane circular, or. cylindrical—being fixed in a cast iron container. We understand that the system is being employed for heating railway tyres for shrinking on, and it should be excellent for this purpose. It has also many uses for restaurant cars, owing to its very uniform heat, and it is stated that hundreds of furnaces of this type are being supplied for cooking purposes. At present, the maximum temperature available is 1000°C. in the high pressure type, and 700°C on the low pressure. Models. Bassett-Lowke had one of. their usually interesting exhibits showing the high value, both for advertisement and technical purposes, which is present in high-class scale models of ships, locomotives, factories, etc. Air Compressors. A very complete line of these was shown by Broom & Wade, of High Wycombe, and this included also a number of pneumatic tools. Bernard Holland & Co. (Swiss Locomotive Works) also showed a number of rotary compressors and exhausters, which, we understand, are in considerable demand owing to their high efficiency and small overall size. As will be gathered from the foregoing brief resume of the Exhibition, there was present a con- siderable number of items of interest to railway engineers.

Questions and answers.  336

Question No. 88—State the reason why certain British locomotives, originalfy built with inside bearings to their small trailing wheels, have subsequently had the bearings removed to the outside position. Is it only a case of greater accessibility or are there other more important mechanical considerations?
A—The position of the bearings is often dictated by the requirements of the firebox. To secure more room for this the trailing wheels are usually provided with outside bearings, which also have the advantage of being more remote from the heat of the adjacent firebox. Further, they often conduce to smoother riding.
Question No. 89—An empty wagon, tare 5 tons 8 cwt., while being propelled, with other wagons, from one running road to another, became derailed, all wheels. On examination, this wagon was found to have one pair of wheels defective, one wheel being 2 ft. 11 /16 in. dia., with a good flange, the other wheel being 1/8 in. less in diameter with a worn flange. The large wheel was found to have mounted the metals. Could the difference in circumference of the two wheels be given, also could you say what, in your opinion, would be the effect of the unequal wheels on the running of the wagon?
A.—We very much doubt if the slight difference in diameter of the wagon wheels you mention would cause the derailment. If the newer wheels were tight to gauge and the permanent way narrow, these would probably offer a better explanation.

Correspondence, 336-.

Treffry Viaduct, Luxulyan. Richard Gallsworthy
Having read with interest the article which appeared in June 1922 issue on the Treffry Viaduct, Luxulyan, I recently spent some time examining it and the Carmiars Incline. Besides its use as an aqueduct, the former still has trucks worked across it to the siding which runs off to the north, at the east end mentioned in the article, the old "T" section rails being still in place. I cannot help wondering if the writer of the article had quite sound grounds for saying that the large water-wheel was ever used for working the incline, as it is some distance from the top of it, and in the sheds near it is disused china-clay working machinery, and as one would think that most of the traffic would be down it, the suggestion is that it would be "self-working," that is trucks going down would pull those coming up.
Editorial note.-We believe our correspondent is correct in his deductions, and the water-wheel was used for operating the china-clay working machinery

Front view of Craven (L.B.S.C.) No. 14. Fredk. Wm. Holliday. 336-7
Re Brigg's request for particulars of front view of Craven's (L.B.S.C.) No. 14. Being intimately acquainted with Craven's locomotives, I have drawn the front view of No. 14. I do not suppose there is anyone living now who knows them so intimately. Up to about 1861 Craven built his engines with flat smokebox doors. There were two doors to the smokebox, fastened in the middle by one fastener in the case of the "tanks," and sometimes fastened by two fasteners in the case of the tender engines. These smokebox doors had protecting plates with space between of about two inches. After 1861, Craven built his engines with the usual "dished" doors much the same as the present day engines. Up to about 1861 Craven's smokeboxes generally went down straight, like my drawing of No. 14 but sometimes he waisted them in. After 1861 he more often than not had wings to his smokeboxes, that is, the front plate was spread out. In Mr. Craven's time all the engines had "B" before the number (=Brighton, to distinguish them from the S.E.R.). The Brighton and South Eastern were at one time amalgamated.

Chronicles of Boulton's Siding. Liverpool and Manchester Railway locomotives. A.R. Bennett. 337
In Chapter V of the Chronicles, entitled "Reputed Locomotives of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway," doubt is expressed as to the origin of five 2-4-0 inside- cylinder tender engines purchased by I.W. Boulton from the L. & N.W. Ry. between 1860 and 1870. Mr. Boulton himself believed them to have been Liverpool and Manchester engines designed by Dewrance, but others thought they had been built by Cross of St. Helen's. In summing up between the two views I favoured the Dewrance and Liverpool and Manchester theory, and this opinion is now confirmed to the verge of certainty by Fig. 52 of the Liverpool and Manchester 2-2-2 locomotive Ostrich in British Steam Locomotives from 1825 to 1925, by the late E.L. Ahrons, which was prepared from drawings lent by Sir John Dewrance, son of the old locomotive superintendent of the L. & M. Ry, Comparison with Figs. 7 and 8 of the Chronicles show that the engines bought by Mr. Boulton were simply a coupled form of Ostrich. The contour of the boiler and firebox is the same; there is a safety-valve column near the chimney; a dome over the firebox with the same ornamental cover; the frame, springs and horn-blocks are similar, the number of rivets is the same and they are spaced m the same manner; the strut between the frame and the smokebox is identical, and has in each case eight rivets arranged in two rows of three with a row of two between. The chimney, splasher and side-sheet differ, but these are but minor points. We can, therefore, be practically certain that the 2-4-0 represented in Fig. 7 of the Chronicles was one of the later type of Liverpool and Manchester engines, dating from, perhaps, 1844, just before the fusion with the Grand Junction and London and Birmingham. Since Ostrich had been built at the L. and L Ry's, own shops at Edge Hill it is reasonable to suppose that the 2-4-0 and her sisters originated there likewise.

Factors in the design of steam locomotives. L.A.F.
The article on "Factors in the design of Steam Locomotives" in the August issue in its reference to fireboxes would appear to give colour to the assumption which has often been too easily made, that not only are the Belpaire firebox and direct staying synonymous, but that the alternative to the Belpaire form is indirect or girder staying. This has no doubt arisen from the fact that certain railways adhered to girder stays until they adopted the Belpaire design and therefore hailed it as a marked improvement, which in such cases was undoubtedly true.
It should not, however, be overlooked that other British railways such as the Great Northern were employing direct staying with round topped fireboxes as far back as sixty years ago, if not earlier, and have done so ever since. Compared with this pattern the one advantage of the Belpaire shape would appear to be the larger proportion of stays which are normal to the outer plate, and to balance this are certain fairly obvious disadvantages.
The conclusion which might be reached by the average reader of the article referred to is that the Belpaire has practically ousted the round topped form, but the position surely does not warrant so sweeping an impression. On the L. & N.E. Ry, the majority of boilers built since the grouping, including those of the largest engines in the country, are round topped, and on the Southern Ry. the type is perpetuated in the "King Arthur" and new 4-6-0 goods classes. In Scotland the round topped is in large majority, and on the L. & N.W. Ry, section of the L.M. & S. Ry. also it is at the moment more numerous, but these latter have apparently girder stays and their process of change to Belpaire is an illustration of the cases referred to above.
In America it must be remembered that with the exception of the Pennsylvania R.R. the round topped design is almost universal, so that, while indirect staying is or should be dead, a final decision in the conflict between the two modern forms cannot be said to have been reached.

Reviews. 338.

The British steam railway locomotive, 1825-1925, E.L. Ahrons, Locomotive Publishing Co. Ltd. 391 pp., nearly 500 illustrations. Review signed by CFDM [that is Dendy Marshall].
The observation and study of railway engines possess a fascination which captures the fancy of most boys to some extent, and more or less remains with many of them all through life. For these, this volume provides a veritable feast, and at the same time, for real engineers who take an interest in history, it is a valuable work of reference.
Its author was not only an enthusiast of the first water, but, as a practising engineer, had many opportunities of acquiring information at first hand, and was well qualified to deal with it technically and critically. The most prominent feeling produced in one's mind by a perusal of this fine work, after that of admiration, is that of thankful- ness that he was spared long enough to carry it out, and to leave behind him so admirable a monument. One cannot, however, help experiencing some regret that it did not begin at the very beginning, as the history of the eighteen or twenty locomotives built before 1825 by other engineers than Stephenson cannot be said to be in an altogether satisfactory state, and if Mr. Ahrons had dealt with it in the same competent and felicitous manner as ne has with that of the subsequent engines, the value of the book would have been even greater than it is. But, accepting, as we must, the periodic limitation, we find a work of the most wonderful comprehensiveness and accuracy. Hardly a mistake can be found, nor anything omitted which was worthy of inclusion.
His knowledge of the most minute details of the engines by various makers, more especially during the period when the building was done by private firms who were allowed practically a free hand, is very thorough, and III the case of innovations and peculiarities generally, he gives, time after time both the reasons for their introduction and the results obtained in practice. In matters of criticism, questions of rival merits, and controversial points generally, he is most judicious.
After examining the book in detail, the reviewer has come across scarcely anything with which to find fault, the most important lapse, and that not a very serious one, being one for which the responsibility appears to rest with the editors, and not the author, as will be seen.
With regard to Wilson's Chittaprat on the Stockton and Darlington Ry., the information obtained by Achard, to which Ahrons refers in a footnote, and in which he would have been much interested, has since been made public in a paper read before the Newcomen Society (7-63) in February last and shows that all four cylinders drove downwards on to the rear axle, anticipating the Royal George.
On page 10 it is said that Seguin in his book "admits that the first application of a multi-tubular boiler to a locomotive was made on the Liverpool & Manchester Ry." This statement is literally true, but a new light has been thrown upon it in another paper (7-97) read before the same society last April. On turning to Seguin's book, which was published in 1839, we find that, immediately before the passage referred to, he claimed to have invented the tubular boiler, "que ie livrai a l'industrie en 1827." A few lines later, he said: "It was in 1830 .... that the new boilers were for the first time applied to locomotives." The authors of the paper referred to point out that Seguin had actually constructed one himself in 1829, and, of course, knew of the Rocket when writing. Consequently, he must have meant not preliminary trials, but actual industrial working. It appears impossible to escape from this explanation, far- fetched though it seems, and the passage in question cannot therefore be taken as a renunciation of priority. As to whether Seguin's first engine or the Rocket actually was the first to work, that is another matter; the probabilities are in favour of the Rocket, but they were both under construction at the same time.
In the description of the Rocket drawing (Fig. 6), believed to have been the one made in 1836, there occurs a statement which calls for remark. It is called "particularly important in that it indicates the true form of the firebox." Now the true form of the original firebox is a question of considerable interest, which has caused the consumption of a good deal of ink, and a casual reader would take this as expression of the author's belief that the original form is shown here. This may have been his opinion, though it was not his custom to make a definite statement on a disputed point without giving reasons, and one cannot help suspecting a "gloss." But, while it is fairly certain that we have here the true form of 1836, there is always a possibility that the box had been renewed by then, and, as it was separate from the boiler, there would have been no necessity for the shape to be followed exactly.
The great importance of the Invicta as a milestone of progress never seems to be fully appreciated by historians. Although no further developments of the type occurred at the time, the fact remains that she was the first engine with outside cylinders at the leading end, and is in that respect more like the latest development of the locomotive than any of her predecessors, or, of her successors for eight years.
On page 24 there is rather an unfortunate piece of abridgment. The book says that. (1) the first bogie engines built in this country were exported in 1833 to the U.S.A.; (2) the Wylam locomotives of 1815 are stated to have had one swivelling truck; (3) the illustration in Wood shows one of the trucks with a central pin. Now, in the absence of any doubt being cast on (2), or of a suggestion either that Wood's drawing may be wrong, or that the object mentioned may not have been intended for a pivot, it is obvious that the author has been brought perilously near to contradicting statement (1). Fortunately, we know what he did say. If we turn to The Engineer for  23 January 1925, in which this part appeared, we find that he wrote the illustration in Wood "certainly shows one of the trucks with a central pin, but . . . " followed by a passage showing that he did not believe that the trucks turned, which has been omitted. The word "certainly," which has also been dropped out, instead of adding weight, actually takes it away, as it turns the sentence into a concession to the other side; it is equivalent to "I admit," But he gave the matter a good deal of further study; as he went into it at considerable length in a letter in The Engineer of 21 August 1925. After saying that he had waited to consult the whole of the available historical references, and giving a number of quotations, he repeated his opinion that there was no swivelling, and suggested that the "bolt" "which, however, is shown on an outside and not a sectional elevation of the engine .... may have been intended for some outside attachment possibly a crude representation of a foot step." That this last is its true explanation, the reviewer has no doubt whatever. But, whether the trucks turned or not, it is quite certain that Ahrons did not think so.
The history of the next quarter of the century calls for nothing but praise. The evolution of all the details of the locomotive are ably described and discussed. In chapter XI, "Locomotives for Abroad," a mistake occurs into which the author has been led by Young (biographer of Hackworth). Hackworth's engines of 1838 for Nova Scotia are credited with being the first in Canada. But Stephenson & Co.'s  Dorchester, for the St. John's Ry., Montreal, has been forgotten. It went out in 1836.
The credit for the design of the first Metropolitan engines has invariably been given to Sir John Fowler. A new light is thrown on the subject by Mr. Ahrons, who says that Beyer Peacock & Co. had supplied some very sim!lar engines to a Spanish railway two years before, In which, presumably, Fowler would not have had. a hand. In the "Life of Sir John Fowler," on page 171, It says the Metropolitan engines "were designed by Mr. Fowler and Messrs. Beyer & Peacock." One or two of the later ones were sold to the Cambrian Rys., and converted into tender engines.
Apropos of Stroudley's elegant Grosvenor, the reviewer has recollections of seeing some almost exactly similar engines on the North British in his youth, which probably preceded her.
A good deal of space is deservedly occupied by the Precursors and Precedents. It might have been mentioned that some of the former were converted into tank engines. The throw of the coupling rods of the latter, about which Ahrons was uncertain, was 12 in. It is to be hoped that one of them wiIl be given to the York Railway Museum. Stroudley's Gladstone is all very well, but is not typical of the coupled engines of the time.
Chapter XVI, which deals with Train Resistances and Locomotive Performances, 1855-1879, is packed with interesting information, and is a valuable contribution to the subject from a historical point of view.
In dealing with four-cylinder non-compound engines, there was one, in between Haswell's of 1862 and Manson's of 1897, which might have been just mentioned, although it was unsuccessful, and that is the Jarnes Toleman, which was designed by F.C Winby, and sent to the Chicago Exhibition of 1893. Another engine of the early 1890s, perhaps worthy of notice from the point of view of originality, was one constructed at Nine Elms for the L. & S.W. Ry., with an all water-tube boiler. It was illustrated in the technical press at the time, but nothing more was ever heard about it.
In conclusion, the type is excellent, and the almost complete absence of misprints in a book containing such a mass of detail shows how carefully the editing has been carried out. The illustrations cannot be commended too highly. Their profusion adds greatly to the value of the book, because, in addition to all the points dealt with in the text, there is also so much that, thanks to them, goes without saying. By having so many under one cover, it is easy to trace the genesis and development of ideas, ranging from general designs down to small details. To give an example: Fig. 137 shows that Patrick Stirling's Glasgow and South Western engine, built in 1857, is a connecting link between the Arbroath and Forfar engines constructed by Stirling & Co., of Dundee, in 1839 (Fig. 41), which was a remarkable "milestone," and the "Lady of the Lake" class (Fig. 179), The latter retain a vestige of their ancestry in the hoods over the leading wheels. We also see where the hoods over the G.N. Ry. bogie wheels came from. The illustrations include a number of rare types of all periods, especially tanks, many of which must be quite unknown to the generality of readers

The Mollier steam tables and diagrams extended to the critical pressure. English edition by H. Moss. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. 339
The tendency towards increasing pressure and superheat temperature in modern steam practice affords this book a useful place, and although locomotive developments have not yet reached higher steam pressures than 350 lb. per sq. in., the data furnished offers designers a wide field for future advance. The calculations, tables and entropy-temperature diagrams are arranged in a simple and accurate manner, which should satisfy practical requirements and make the book a helpful reference for- the advanced worker in thermo-dynamics.

The best railway stories. London: The Richards Press Ltd., 339
This comprises a very readable collection of witty and amusing railway stories, including many that are new to us, as well as some we have heard before. It will make an interesting companion for railway enthusiasts on a journey.

Thermo-dynamics applied to engineering. Arthur F. Macconochie. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 339
The writer has produced herein a very useful guide to the fundamental principles of thermo-dynamics in a simple and readable manner, illustrating their application to the latest and most modern developments of power generators and prime movers. Section 1 is devoted to a general review of the theories and laws relating to thermo-dynamics. Section 2 gives the application of the principles to steam boilers, engines, etc., whilst Section 3 deals with the thermo- dynamics of internal combustion motors, gas turbines, etc. A selection of worked problems is included to assist students in actually applying the deductions to practical examples.

Elements of machine design. Part 1. W. Cawthorne Unwin and A. L. Mellanby, London: Longmans, Green & Co. 339
In presenting this new edition of such a valuable and well-known treatise on machine design, the publishers require no excuse for their enterprise. The book includes a number of new references and many additions to bring it up to date in all its many branches, ball bearings, general and chain drives, etc., are all now included. Students of mechanical engineering and particularly those interested in machine design will find the volume of great assistance.

Oerlikon Bulletin, No. 75. 339
This bulletin is entirely devoted to the question of turbine design. After briefly reviewing the various developments which have taken place in this direction, a description is given of some of the latest improvements in Oerlikon turbines. Tables and curves are also included, showing the results obtained with units recently supplied.

Garratt locomotives. 339
Beyer, Peacock & Co. Ltd., Manchester, issued an artistically produced thirty-six page publication to illustrate the latest examples of their Garratt type articulated locomotives. The cover depicts in colour one of the new L.M. & S. Ry. Garratts with a typical Scotch landscape as a setting, possibly as a suggestion of the suitability of this type of engine for the Callender and Oban line, or the main line of the former Highland Ry. The designs shown have tractive powers ranging from 15,880 lb. for the South African Rys., 2 ft. gauge, to 69,150 lb. for the Nitrate Rys. of Chili, 4 ft. 8½ in. gauge, at 75 per cent. of the boiler pressure. Beneath each illustration, in addition to the leading dimensions, is an interesting account of the duties and results in actual service of the engine dealt with. At the end of the booklet are a series of photo reproductions showing the Garratt engine at work in the Argentine, Burma, V/est Africa, North West India, Chili, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone and on the South African Rys., as well as the L.M. & S. and L. & N.E. Rys. at home.

Superheaters for locomotives. 340
Pamphlet No. L11 published by the Superheater Co. Ltd., of 195 Strand, W.C.2, gives a fully illustrated description of the M.L.S. auto steam snifting valve and circulating system. This valve automatically comes into action with the blower each time the regulator is closed, and admits a small continuous supply of low pressure steam to the steam chests, cylinders and exhaust passages, emulsifies the lubricant, distributes it properly over the surfaces, and thus prevents the formation of carbonaceous deposits. The working is simple. When vacuum is created by the closing of the regulator, instead of air being drawn in, either down the blast pipe or through anti-vacuum valves, saturated steam is automatically ad- mitted, which not only breaks the vacuum but also circulates through the elements and prevents them being overheated and burnt out. After circulating through the elements the steam carries the lubricant forward in an emulsified form and distributes it evenly over the working faces of the valves and cylinders.

Herbert Morris Ltd., Loughborough. 340
Catalogue illustrating a large range of jib cranes, steam, electric and hand operated.

Sentinel shunting locomotive. 340
In service at Faverdale Wagon Works, L.N.E.R. It bore number 44, and dated 1927.

British Thornson-Houston Co. Ltd. 340
Obtained six months' contract from the Southern Ry. for the supply of Mazda Electric Lamps.

Pressure and vacuum gauges. 340
J. Clayton & Co. Ltd., 49 Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4, 1927 catalogue and price list of pressure and vacuum gauges, etc. As pioneers of the interchangeable gauge movement this firm has built up a very high reputation for their work in this direction: At competitive prices, consistent with good quality, with a guarantee for two years against faulty workmanship, they confidently recommend their gauges to give satisfaction. Various types of gauges are illustrated, and sample gauges will be sent for inspection and comparison. The firm have made a special study of hydraulic gauges, and have conducted many experiments and researches to perfect the details; they manufacture this type of gauge for pressures up to 10 tons per square inch.

Bassett-Lowke Ltd. 340
Well-known model makers and ships' engineers, were opening a new retail branch in Manchester. The premises were situated at 28 Corporation Street, on the right-hand side passing from the Royal Exchange to Victoria Station A magnificent display of models of every description is on view in their windows, and those model enthusiasts in Manchester and district who have not yet had a chance of viewing their various productions will, no doubt, avail themselves of the opportunity of dealing direct with this branch.

Vaughan Crane Co. Ltd., of Openshaw, Manchester. 340
Issued folder embodying typical illustrations of their manufactures of overhead cranes and runways. The cranes range from 150 tons for locomotive works down to 3 cwt. single motor overhead cranes.

London County Council. 340
Accepted tender of G.D. Peters & Co. Ltd., for the supply of 350 car sets of upholstered spring seats for the top decks of their tram cars.

William Beardmore & Co. Ltd., of Dalmuir. 340
Engaged on an order for twenty-five standard six-coupled side tank goods engines for the London, Midland and Scottish Ry, The engines to the designs of Sir Henry Fowler, chief mechanical engineer.

Beyer, Peacock & Co. Ltd., Manchester. 340
Received an order for six locomotives for the Leopoldina Ry of Brazil, and from the Crown Agents for the Colonies a contract for twelve 4-6-0 tender engines for the Ceylon Government Rys.

North British Locomotive Co. Ltd. Glasgow. 340
Repeat order for eighteen 4-8-2 tender locomotives for the Rhodesian Rys. had been placed and thr firm is also to build two 4-6-0 metre-gauge engines for the Jamnagar-Dwarka Ry, of India.

London & North Eastern Ry. 340
Contract with Clayton Wagons, Ltd., Lincoln, for ten Clayton patent steam rail coaches, each carrying sixty-five passengers. As a result of road competition, the L. & N.E. Ry. are carrying on a special campaign to meet it in the industrial districts in the north. It is rumoured the suburban service round Aberdeen is to be worked by rail motors. An order for twenty Sentinel Cammell rail coaches was placed in August, and a further order for rail motors was "to be placed shortly."

No. 423 (15 November 1927)

New 0-6-2 tank locomotives, L. & N.E. Ry. 341. illustration.
With condensing apparatus. N7/2 built by William Beardmore & Co. Ltd.: No. 2646 illustrated .

Metre gauge 4-6-4 tank engine: Bombay, Baroda and Central India Ry. 342-3. illustration, diagram (side elevation)
Built in India at Ajmer Central Workshops to design of W.S. Fraser.

Mumbles Ry. 343
It is expected that the electrification of the Mumbles Ry, at Swansea will be completed by next March. Five two-car trains will maintain a 7½ to 15 minute service, with a schedule speed of 12 miles per hour; each car will accommodate 110 passengers. The overhead trolley system will be used at 650 volts. A sub-station at Blackpill, the middle point of the line, will supply direct current, and this will be entirely automatic in operation. The equipment is being supplied by the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd., and the rolling stock by the Brush Engineering Co. Ltd. The Mumbles Ry. can claim to be the oldest railway in Great Britain, for it was incorporated in 1804 and opened in 1807. It is 5½ miles in length and extends from Rutland Street, Swansea, along the shore of Swansea Bay to the pier at Mumbles, running alongside the public road for a considerable part of the route. For nearly seventy years' the vehicles were horse-drawn, and for the last fifty years steam tank locomotives have operated the long trains of double-decked cars which carry the holiday makers in the summer.

Higher steam pressure on the L. & N.E. Ry. 343-4. illustration
No. 4480 Enterprise illustrated: 220 psi boiler

"The Fair of the Iron Horse": Centenary Celebration of a famous Amrican Railway. 345-7. 2 illustrations
A circular track was constructed to parade the locomotives and rolling stock. This also formed the location for the non-railway elements in the parade: people on horseback; people in horse-drawn wagons representing the westward movement of people which would lead to the construction of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad which was initially worked by horse power. Then the historical evolution of the steam power on the railway. This was followed by the visiting locomotives and their trains, including that of the Great Western Railway.

London, Midland & Scottish Ry. (L. & N.W. Section).  347
Latest Royal Scot class three-cylinder 4-6-0s ex North British Loco. Co. to be delivered to Crewe bore Nos. 6117-9, 6121-3, 6139-44 and 6146. Including Nos. 6127-32, which were attached to the Northern division, there were forty-four of these engines in service. New class 4, 0-6-0s had also been delivered to Crewe, as follows:-No. 4375 ex Barclay's and No. 4492 ex North British Loco. Co. The Crewe-built 2-6-0s were all out of the shops and a new series of Class 4 goods had been commenced, Nos. 4437 onwards.
Of the seventy-five R.O.D. 2-8-0 type locomotives, which were recently taken over by the .;L.M.S., a number are being repaired for service, and of these the following were in traffic :-Nos. 9646, 9647, 9649, 9652 and 9653. The second in order was built in 1917 and the others in 1918—all by the North British Loco. Co.
0-6-2 coal side tanks Nos. 7587, 7710 and 7772 old Nos. 3742, 796 and 3769 had been fitted for motor service. Recent withdrawals included the ex-Knott End Ry. 2-6-0T. Blackpool, this being the last of the four Knott End engines to be scrapped. The following ex L. & N.W. Jumbos had also been withdrawn :-Nos. 477 Caractacus, 480 Duchess of Lancaster, and 2189 Avon (6 ft. 6 in. type), and Nos. 424 Sirius and 2158 Sister Dora (6 ft. type). In our article on the Royal Scot train last month, in the list of water troughs on the West Coast route we omitted those south of Tebay.

Cam-operated valve gear locomotive, L.M.& S. Ry. 348-51. illustration, 3 diagrams., table.
Claughton class Alfred Fletcher No. 5908 fitted with Beardmore- Caprotti valve gear

New 15in gauge 4-8-2 type locomotive, Romney, Hythe & Dymchurch Railway. 350. illustration
Built by Davey Paxman

The locomotive history of the Great Indian Peninsula Ry. 364-5. 2 illustrations., diagram (side elevation)
Neilson Ghat locomotives: 0-8-0ST WN 1726-35.

L.M.S. Ry. L. & N.W.R. Section. 365.
Several Prince of Wales class locomotives running with tenders from ROD 2-8-0 type.

Modern British railway practice. 369-72.
Paper presebnted to Belfast Association of Engineers by W.K. Wallace on 19 October 1927. Notes that first Ross pap saftey valve was manufactured in the NCC Workshops in Belfast and was fitted to No. 57. Also notes that no further 0-6-0 type would be added to NCC locomotive stock..

The Portstewart Narrow Gauge Tramway. 372-3. . illusttration
Closed due to bus competition.

30 ton coal wagon, Carrongrove Paper Co. Ltd. 373. illusttration
Supplied by Hurst, Nelson & Co. Ltd. of Motherwell

The "Kitson-Still locomotive. 374
The North-Eastern Group of the Inst. of Locomotive Engineers visited the works of Messrs. Kitson & Co. Ltd. Leeds on Friday, Nov. 4, to make an inspection of the very' intere~ting "Kitson-Still" engine which is now practically finished. A general description of this engine was given in Locomotive Mag. December 1923, together with an arrangement drawing, and the present locomotive is practically identical with this, being of the 2-6-2 tank type with a drive by cranks from the gear shaft on to the orthodox type of coupling rod which connects the three coupled wheels on each side.
The large number of members who attended were received at the works by Lieut.-Col. E. Kitson-Clarke, and Mr. H. N. Gresley, president. An inspection was first made of the working unit of the "Kitson-Still locomotive; which was used for testing and expenmental purposes, and is fitted with a brake. This unit consists of the complete cylinder and drive — the locomotive has eight such cylinders and the starting, by steam, and continued running by oil, was regarded with much interest. The novel principle of the combination of steam and internal combustion seemed entirely justified from an examination of the running of this single cylinder unit, as the employment of steam for starting purposes eliminates the need for any form of clutch, which is recognised to be the weak link m high power internal combustion engines, and so far proved a check upon their employment for heavy locomotive purposes. In practice, the steam portion of the engine is intended to be worked for starting and manceuvring purposes, but to a limited extent it can also be used for assistance in running, if, for example, a short steep bank has to be climbed: After this single cylinder unit had been run, and explained in detail to the members, a very thorough inspection was made of the finished engine, which was on the rollers ready for its final running trials before being passed out for experimental service, probably on the L. & N.E. Ry. The whole of the cylinders, connecting gear, heat regeneration arrangements, cab fittings, etc., were carefully and fully described, to the very great interest and edification of all. The tractive effort of the engine is understood to be 24,000 lb. and the weight in running order about 80 tons. Two tanks are provided, one of which carries 1,000 gallons of water and the other 400 gallons of oil fuel, which is used for steam raising in the boiler, and for the drive on the internal combustion side of the eight cylinders.
The trials of this locomotive will be regarded with the greatest of attention by railway men, owing to the novel principles involved, and Messrs. Kitson & Co. are to be congratulated on this new construction, which reflects in every way the greatest credit, as it must have involved a very large amount of ingenious designing and experimental work.

Correspondence. 374

Early safety valves. E.A. Forward. 374.
Re account of the L. & N.E. Ry. Railway Museum at York, in the October issue of Locomotive Mag.  some observations relative to the two spring-loaded safety valves attributed to Timothy Hackworth. In the first place, Hackworth was certainly not the first to use the direct spring-loaded safety valve on a locomotive, as a drawing of the Murray-Blenkinsop locomotives, published in 1815, shows the safety valves loaded with helical springs.
Hackworth may have devised the multiple plate spring type of valve, as he gives a sketch of one in his notebook dated July 1828, but this valve is of more primitive form, and is, moreover, fitted with an easing lever worked by a string. The Rastrick notebook of 1829, mentioned by Mr. Household, shows this primitive form of valve, including the easing lever, and states that the engine had a weighted lever safety valve as well.
Neither of the two valves at York can be identified with that on the Royal George in 1828 or 1829, but either may have been fitted to it later on. Valves of the same design as the smaller and simpler specimen are shown on original drawings of engines built by Messrs. R. Stephenson & Co. between 1830 and 1833 and they appear to have been largely used at that period as' the "lock-up" valves on locomotives. I should judge the design of the larger valve to be later, 1£ anything, than the smaller one; one like it can be seen on Puffing Billy at the Science Museum, but when it was fitted is not known.

Reviews. 374.

La machine locomotive, Edouard Sauvage. Paris and Liege: Ch. Beranger. London: The Locomotive Publishing Co. Ltd. 8th edition. 398 pp. and 332 illustrations.
The first edition of this excellent work, described as "a practical book giving a description of the parts, and of the working of a locomotive, for the use of engine men," appeared in 1894, and it is a striking fact that it has ?ow reached its 8th edition. Most of the original illustrations have now been replaced by up-to-date examples of locomo- tive design, and superheaters, exhaust steam injectors, and feed water pumps now appear. The book has, however, become narrowed down to an epitome of French locomotive practice, as all illustrations of non-French engines appear to be excluded. The restriction in this direction has, how- ever, certain compensations, as numerous drawings are given of the various standardised details prepared by the O.C.E.M. (l'Office centra le d'etudes de material de chemins de fer) such as leading and trailing Bissell trucks, crank axles, tyre profiles, etc. It can therefore be thoroughly recommended as instancing modern French locomotive practice. The text is clearly written, and the illustrations in general are good line drawings. As mentioned in the introduction, a law of the (French) Ministry of Public Works "compels locomotive personnel to give proof, by certain examinations, that they understand; in these examinations it is not only suffi- cient to show that they can effectively conduct the trains, but they must explain the functioning of the parts of the engine." To enable enginemen intelligently to comprehend the latter, no better book could be devised, and it will perhaps, some day, be translated into English.

Oerlikon Bulletin, No. 76. 374
This is mainly devoted to the question of determination of efficiency of large turbo- generators. Particulars are given there of a method used by the Oerlikon Co. whereby it is possible to determine very accurately the efficiency of turbo-generators too large to run under normal full-load conditions on test bed. For this purpose use is made of leading reactances which permit of the loading of the turbo-generators with ratings up to 40,000KV A. to their full capacity at power factor zero. The same issue contains the results of tests on traction motors for the electric locomotives which are being supplied by the Oerlikon Co. to the Northern Spanish Railway Co.

The Westinghouse Brake & Saxby Signal Co. Ltd.. 374
Received from Southern Ry. Co. an order for power signalling material for London Bridge and Borough Market Junction. The order includes a 311-lever all-electric locking frame, a 35-lever locking frame, and 155 electric point layouts. Four aspect light signals, resonated impedance bonds, and projector type route indicators will be used.

No. 424 (15 December 1927)'

"Pacific" type express locomotive (Class XB), Indian State Rys.375-7. 3 illustrations, diagram (side & front elevations).
Supplied Vulcan Foundry

Three-cylinder 4-4-0 passenger engine, L. & N.E. Ry. 378-9. illustration, diagram (side elevation).
D49 Shire class. No. 234 Yorkshire illustrated: all names listed, but only numbers for english counties

[Clogher Valley Ry]. 379.
Decision to close passenger service

Magnetic axle tester — Acton Works, Underground Electric Rys. 379.
To detect fractures

Southern Ry. 36-ton steam breakdown cranes. 380-1. illustration
Two supplied by Ransomes & Rapier of Ipswich to specification of R.E.L. Maunsell

R.H. Inness.  (unattributed): Locomotive history of the Stockton & Darlington Railway, 1825-1876. 385-7. 4 illustrations
2-4-0 No. 114 Edward Pease; No. 114 Nunthorpe and NER No. 1115 (former 115 Meynell) and NER 0-6-0 No. 1112 (former 112 Lion) illustrated. Leading dimensions of Peel class long boiler 0-6-0s supplied by R. & W. Hawthorm  in 1856

H.G.W.  Household. The Railway Museum, London & North Eastern Ry., York. 387-9. 2 illustrations
Early rolling stock, including carriages and wagons; permanent way including that from tramways which acted in association with canals and river navigations. Exhibits from Bodmin & Wadebridge Railway and from Stockton & Darlington Railway

Diesel locomotive for Rangoon. 389-90. illustration
2ft 6in gauge four-wheel supplied by Hudswell, Clarke & Co. Ltd. of Leeds.

0-6-0 shunting engines, Sudan Govt. Rys. 390-1. 2 illustrations, diagram (side elevation)
Hunslet Engine Co. Ltd. outside-cylinder 0-6-0T for 3ft 6in gauge Kassala line. One of illustrations shows complete locomotive being lifted onto motor vessel Belpareil at Hull

F.W. Brewer. The economic advantages of high steam pressures in locomotives. 395-7.
Prompted by the use of 250 psi boilers on King and Royal Scot classes and comparable pressure on Canadian National Railway 4-8-4 types and even higher pressures with water tube boilers on the Delaware & Hudson Rialway ex;perimental locomotives. Notes experiments conducted by S.W. Johson and D. Drummond on the effect of boiler pressure on fuel consumption and studies by Professor Goss at Purdue University on coal consumption over a range of pressures.

Transport of milk in bulk. 398. 3 illustrations
Glass-lined cork-insulated tank wagons assembled at Swindon by the Great Western Railway on behalf of United Dairies

L. Derens. "Stephenson" locomotives for Holland Railway Co. 400-1. illustration, diagram (side eleevation)
2-4-0 standard guage locomotives supplied by R. Stephenson & Co. in 1866/7

[South Shields & Marsden Ry.]. 401
Purchase of former N.E.R. 398 class 0-6-0 No. 396 to become No. 5 and replace No. 8, another former N.E.R. locomotive.

Refrigerator cars for the European train ferry. 402-3. 3 diagrams including plan
Supplied by Refrigerated Transit Transport of Berlin for Harwich to Zeebrugge train ferry.

Locomotives of the Egyptian State Rys. 405-7. 7 illustrations